New Quick Test Method for Hazardous Waste

The main reason is the waste contained chemical elements that belonged to other waste and went unnoticed. Among the these wastes, there ere some unidentified ones mixed in; some identified wastes were mixed into other kind of wastes by carelessness. Both mixtures increase the uncertainty which contributes to exhaust emissions beyond the safe limitation and low performance of cement. The mixture, however, is hard to avoid because there are serial possibilities.Making sure the quantity of chemical elements which can heavily influence emission and quality not beyond limitation is an economic choice. That needs to monitor the chemical elements of waste instantly during the co-processing. 3 Details of the solution Increasing the frequency of hazardous waste testing is the reasonable choice. That means we need to acquire a new method to test the elements of waste quickly and cheaply due to the fact that the traditional method cannot meet the requirement of speed or cost.First of all, we sh ould identify the main elements that highly relate to emission and cement performance. Second of all, we should configure which kind of element is frequently mixed with other waste. Third of all, develop the new method for individual elements. Finally, we should combine all these new testing method to a cage and compile software to calculate, stimulate and control co-processing not beyond safe limitation. Benefits of the solutions After having these abilities, we will have several profits. The potential risk can also be controlled effectively.What is more, the capacity of co-processing hazardous waste can be increased more than 30% without investing other co-processing line, it may save a huge amount of money. Furthermore, these abilities may become the national standard, which will be our technique defense to other competitors and may become our new business to provide to other costumers. Schedule for implementing the solution Find out the main elements that influence the emission and cement, and then confirm which kind of waste includes these elements and their existing styles, such as, organic or inorganic.Find out the co-processing limitation of these elements under the safety 4 conditions( Reiterate,Melanin. M. C. , &Tokheim, 2013). This phase will last three to five months. The second phase is to develop the quick testing method for the main elements and will last half year or even more. The final phase is to compile the software to calculate and simulate the co-processing ND test this software and will last three months. 5 Reference Reiterate. W. K. H, Melanin. M. C. , &Tokheim. (2013).Optimum feeding rate of solid hazardous waste in a cement kiln burner. International Journal of Energy and 777-786. Auber. J. E, Huston. B, & Sacrament. N. (2006). Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration (MISS) fly ash in blended cement Part 1: Processing and characterization of MISS fly ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, Bal 36,624-631. Auber. J. E, Huston. B , & Sacrament. N. (2007). Utilization of municipal solid waste incineration (MISS) fly ash in blended cement Part 2: Mechanical strength of mortars and environmental impact.

World Religions Paper

World Religion Paper (Rough Draft) By: Allison Workman The religion that I have chosen for my report is Wicca. Wicca is the religion of Witchcraft also referred to as the Craft. There are many myths that are associated with the Wiccan religion. Witches do not perform ride brooms and they are not â€Å"bad or scary† people. In fact most witches are normal people we come in contact with every day. I have learned many interesting facts in my weeks researching this religion. At this time my site visit and interview have not been completed due to family medical problems with my source. However, the interview and site visit are both scheduled for April 3, 2011 I will attempt to submit a summary of those by mid week next week for review. Compare and Contrast Wicca and Christianity are actually quite similar in many ways. However, there are vast differences in the beliefs of the parties as well. Both Christianity and Wicca have a symbol that is prominent within the religion. Christians have the cross that represents the death of Jesus to wash away the sins of mankind. Wicca’s symbol is the pentagram. Despite the reports to the contrary the pentagram is not the symbol of a Satanist; in fact Satan does not even exist in the Wiccan culture. The pentagram is the symbol of the four elements (water, air, fire, earth) and the sprit which draws them all together. Both religions have groups that worship together. Christians call these congregations and they usually meet in a Church. When a group of witches gather to worship the group is referred to as a Coven and they generally practice outdoors though not always. Some Covens will gather at the home of the High Priestess to worship. Meeting places will differ from Coven to Coven. Many of the Ethical and Social views of these religions are similar as well. The Wiccan Rede is â€Å"If it harms none, do what you will†. Christians generally try to live by the Golden Rule. â€Å"Do unto others as you would have them do unto you†. These two phrases have a similar meaning. Both religions believe that women and men are equal in value as human beings. Both religions also accept women in secular leadership roles. All Wiccan religious groups believe that women should hold religious leadership roles as well; some denominations of the Christian faiths are accepting of this, but others still believe that men should be the religious leader of the family/church. The number of differences between these two groups is much larger that the similarities. One of the most notable is that Christianity is a monotheistic religion and Wicca is a polytheistic religion. While Christians worship God. The Wiccans worship the God and Goddess simultaneously. The Wiccan religion is all about balabance so the worship of the God and the Goddess signifies the balance, though the primary focus to a witch is the goddess. Witches accept homosexuality completely where Christians believe that homosexuality is a sin. Christians worship every Sunday and Witches worship on the 13 full moons of the years and also perform rituals on the Sabbats.

All Men Are Created Equal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

All Men Are Created Equal - Essay Example The gamut of characters she delves in: from the LAPD Police Chief Daryl Gates to a gang member, from Korean store owners to a white juror, from a Panamanian immigrant mother to a teenaged black gang member, from beaten truck driver Reginald Denny to Congresswoman Maxine Waters along with other black, white, Asian and Latino characters: aptly portrays the myriads and pressures of a fractious age. It is interesting to note how Anna Deavere Smith resonates the theme of equality in her text with the issues of race, racial prejudice, anger, and hatred. Through characters such as Rudy Salas, Sr., the Mexican artist, she elucidates the consuming hatred of the "Other"1 in the Saidian sense of the term. In Sally's hatred against the "gringos," especially the white police officers, he is not only shown like the other inner-city blacks and Latinos who resent the treatment afforded to them by the LAPD but is made a prototype of a race which has borne the brunt of neo-colonization.   'I felt like "oh, my goodness" because it was really like he was in danger there. It was such an oppressive atmosphere (66).' That Anna Deavere Smith is more of a sociologist than a satirist is elucidated in her treatment of the issue of ethnicity in the personage of Paul Parker, the Chairman of the LA Four Plus Defense Committee. Parker's statement: ' they basically feel that if it's black-on-black crime, if it's a nigger killin' a nigger, they don't have any problem with that. But let it be a white victim, they gonna go to any extremes necessary to basically convict some black people (171).'  She points out the fallacies of a system where the abuser-abused relationship is based upon the norms of inequality. In its depiction of the anguished soul of a city and a nation in crisis, the text offers an etymological explanation of the problems of racism as it presents the discourse of race struggle in the perspectives of ethnocentricism and xenophobia.  

Realism and the Lord of the Ring 3 Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Realism and the Lord of the Ring 3 Movie - Essay Example Yet again, the absence of a regulating body makes the agents relate with one another on their own without being directed by a higher authority according to Crawford (45). It is also noted that since the players in the realism pitch do so in an environment that is unstable as they scramble for the same resources. As a result, sometimes the players engage in war in which case they have themselves to depend on. Before nationalism came into being as a political doctrine, realism in the political scene involved such jurisdictions as ruling dynasties and kingdoms (Mearsheimer 87). Generally, the realist ideology demands that the relevant agent ensures its own interests and survival before it can extend a glance to others’ needs. Connection between Realism and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) The epic fantasy film The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King which is based on the preceding volumes of the The Lord of the Rings trilogy. In brief, Sauron has been se eking to launch his conquest of Middle-earth. On the other hand, Theoden King of Rohan and Wizard Gandalf join forces to defend Minas Tirith (the capital of Gondor) from the impending danger. In the end, Aragorn claims Gondor’s throne and seeks the help of an army of ghosts to battle against Sauron. Even with the massive and remarkable force behind them, they realize that their lot is bound to be defeat. Sam, Frodo and the Hobbits have to shoulder the Ring’s burden and deal with Gollum’s treachery. A long journey sees them arrive in Mordor, a land that is quite full of danger. They desire to destroy the One Ring where it was created – using Mount Doom’s volcanic fires. The Lord of the Ring: The Return of the... Realism has continued to gain ground especially following the events of the Second World War. Realism, according to political scientists may be defined as the belief that reality essentially exists without respect to observers. Politically, realism is seen at play in international relations whenever national or territorial interests and security are given higher priority over social reconstructions, ideology and moral concerns. Ideally, the growing interest in realism comes about with the view that competitive self interest is the main driver of world politics. The application of realism or realist notions and perspectives is prevalent across the world. The main characteristics of realism include the desire for agents to secure themselves against threats and to protect their interests first before considering those of other players or agents. In the movie The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, realism is beyond doubt in existence. The various battles that are fought in the movie are aimed at protecting the interests of particular jurisdictions or individuals. Yet again the security of the jurisdictions is considered whenever threats seem to emerge from external forces. The absence of a governing body makes the playing field open to conflict as the fight for resources becomes evident. In spite of the above facts, it cannot be ignored that some players overcome the temptations associated with seeking power in a move that downplays the ideals of realism. The Lord of the Ring: The Return of the King is an epic-fantasy movie that starts off with the evil Sauron launching the final phases of his take-over of Middle-earth while Gandalf and Theoden assist in defending Minas Tirith.

Starwood Hotels to India Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Starwood Hotels to India - Case Study Example This paper will evaluate the environmental and competitive aspects of the Indian market that aloft will be exposed to once it begin its operation. The paper will also evaluate sound corporate and global strategies that aloft can adopt to improve its performance in the market to make a significant impact. Changes have occurred in the Indian business market since the reforms initiated in the 90s and the pro-market reforms that changed the perception of the Indian market towards foreign entities. The current growth pace of the Indian market presents a number of opportunities to local and foreign investors. With a world gross domestic product of the country expected to rise by over 5%, the country’s business environment has a strong ability to sustain new business entries (Thadani & Mobar, 2013). With the United States’ world gross domestic product expected to decline, India has the opportunity to rise into the third pole behind china and the United States. This environment presents a massive opportunity for aloft under Starwood hotels and resort to tap on the emerging growth in the sector. Increase in foreign investment in the country will increase the demand for hotels and resorts in the country and this presents a massive opportunity for aloft and Starwood hotels and resort (Tisdell, 2013). Starwood hotels and resort has faced massive competition from domestic entities in the country that will present massive competitive challenge to aloft should it enter the market. Companies like Indian hotels, the Leela ventures, Kamat hotels and the royal orchid have operated in the country for over a decade. These companies have chains of hotels and resorts in the major cities on India and have massive customer base among the local and foreign revelers. This is due to its massive investments, currently standing at $284 million after the pro-market reforms, which

Comparison between the uk and usa on the Legislation system on Essay

Comparison between the uk and usa on the Legislation system on occupational safety and health - Essay Example The 1974 act on the safety and health of the worker at the place of work in the United Kingdom and the 1970 act targeting the safety and health of workers in the United States are some of the example of the legislations that have been passed with workers health and safety in mind. The health and safety executive in the United Kingdom is responsible for enforcing laws that targets occupational health and safety within the member countries. In the United States, the occupational safety and health administration (OSHA) which was created in the 1970 is responsible for ensuring the safety of the workers at their place of work. OSHA is responsible for guiding both the employee and the employer on occupational health issues and ensuring the laws that support occupational health and safety are applied at the place of work. These are done through education and training .The impact of globalization in the two regions has been considered as a force of change in the occupational health and safety scope. World trade liberalization, significant improvement in the transport and communication sector, rapid progress in technology, shifts in employment patterns, changes in practices at the place of work, changes in employment patterns targeting women and men and the structures , enterprise lifecycles and advancement in technology has generated new patterns and types of exposures, risk and hazards (Burke &Ronald, 2011). Population movements and changes in demography have affected the health and safety of people at their place of work. the high rate of unemployment due to increase in number of people migrating to the united kingdom has resulted to opening up of more industries with owners not informed of the legislation pertaining to occupational health. Lack of information on occupational health legislation among the employers both in the United Kingdom and the United States has resulted to exposing workers to work environments that are unsafe and which can

Comparing Rhetoric Styles of Kennedy and Clinton Essay

Comparing Rhetoric Styles of Kennedy and Clinton - Essay Example John F Kennedy and Bill Clinton were not only the greatest leaders of American politics in the twentieth century, but they were two of greatest American orators also. These two prominent leaders faced many rhetorical problems during their public meetings. This paper compares similar rhetorical problems faced by Clinton during his addressing in the 1992 American Legion Convention and Kennedy during his speeches to the Houston Ministerial Association in 1960. During his election campaign speech on September 12th, 1960, John F. Kennedy addressed Houston Ministerial Association which consists of ministers from the Protestant community. Kennedy himself was a firm Roman Catholic believer and he forced to speak about his stands on religion. Because of the increasing conflicts between the Protestants and Roman Catholics, the Houston Ministerial Association members were curious to know what Kennedy says about religion or the beliefs of Protestants and Roman Catholics. In other words, Kennedy was forced to solve the problem; how to uphold his religious belief without causing any insults to the Protestants. Same way Bill Clinton also faced the same type of dilemma during his speech in the 1992 American Legion Convention. Clinton was a strong critic of Vietnam War and he had no military service experiences when he was contesting in the 1992 presidential election. The general public had some concerns about Clinton’s abilities in performing well as the commander in chief of the United States.... Both Kennedy and Clinton faced the dilemma of convincing the audience; something beyond their proven abilities, values, ideals, beliefs etc. In short, public inertia was the common rhetoric problem faced by Kennedy and Clinton. Inertia is the property of an object to stay in its position until an external force changes its position. Both Kennedy and Clinton applied the external force through their speeches to change the beliefs of the audience. I believe in an America where religious intolerance will someday end, where all men and all churches are treated as equals, where every man has the same right to attend or not to attend the church of his choice, where there is no Catholic vote, no anti-Catholic vote, no bloc voting of any kind, and where Catholics, Protestants, and Jews, at both the lay and the pastoral levels, will refrain from those attitudes of disdain and division which have so often marred their works in the past, and promote instead the American ideal of brotherhood (Ken nedy) Here Kennedy tries to uphold his belief in secular values. He tries to convince the public that in an election campaign, religious beliefs and customs have less prominence in front of the interests of the country. He has stressed the importance of isolating religion from politics during this speech. He argued that America should never become a country which takes orders from the heads of different religions. He had also mentioned that any activity against a particular religion or community should be treated as the activity against the American. In other words, he neither supported his community (Roman Catholics) nor he opposed his opponent community (Protestants). He has maintained a neutral approach about religious beliefs throughout his speeches. Thus he

Movie analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Movie analysis - Assignment Example The movie therefore provides an analysis of events in prisons across Russia and other parts of the world. According to Z?iz?ek (2011), one of the most interesting sequence in the movie is when Kyle and 451 gain each other’s trust after a plot to have 451 (Taylor) kill Kyle. The sequence shows different stylistic styles used in the movie. The producer uses different styles of form in this sequence. For instance, the movie uses both bright and dark colors showing Kyle and 451 sitting on their beds in one of the nights. The different colors depicted include the prisoners’ yellow clothes, the dark colored beddings and cell floors. The lightness of the color used causes an illumination of the walls of the cells. However, the value of the color changes from light to dark as the producer portrays different angles of shots taken. This sequence shows both positive and negative space. Positive space refers to light that illuminates Kyle and 451’s cell. This light reflects on the cell’s walls. The positive space also emanates from the guards’ spotlight. These guards are conducting their daily night shifts’ patrols. The use of shallow and deep space is also evident in this sequence. The type of space used varies with the angles of shots. The piece components in this sequence mainly appears in three-dimensional form. This sequence’s setting is in the prison’s cells. The sequence occurs at night when the prisoners are sleeping after taking their supper. Kyle and 451 are sitting on their beds while conversing in low tones confirms that this sequence occurs during the night. There are only two characters in this sequence. There are two beds for each of the inmates with one bed above the other. A small table exits beside the wall on the furthest point of the cell’s entrance. Kyle has a well-coiffured dark hair and dons a white vest. Both men are muscular although 451 has grey hair different from Kyle’s dark h air. Both men seems to gain each other’s trust since they appear relaxed and understands one another very well. The two plan their next course of actions further indicating the mutual understanding between the two inmates. The shots used in this sequence are majorly close-up and medium shots with no use of long shots. The locked steel doors of the cell occur in foreground while the cell’s walls and the table beside the wall form the background. This sequence highlights one of the major characteristics of prisons that is, plot by prison guards to murder some of the inmates. 451(Taylor) is famous for killing inmates and therefore the guards plan to use him to murder Kyle. The guards put Kyle into a solitary confinement after involving in a fight with one of the inmates who provoked him in a similar manner as the wife’s murderer. In order to have Kyle killed; the guards transfer him to a cell inhabited by 451 (Z?iz?ek, 2011). However, this plot for 451 to kill Kyle fails when the two develop an understanding and become friends to the amusement of the guards. The sequence, which leads to 451 and Kyle’s escape, is one of the major sequences with significant artistic styles and features. This sequence occurs during the day when Kyle and Miloc cause a riot with the guards. This sequence involves only Kyle and 451 at the beginning. This sequence occurs in the prison halls in the fighting ring where Kyle and Miloc were to fight. Unlike the first one, this sequence

American Intellectual History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Intellectual History - Essay Example According to Chomsky, â€Å"What was left of the left intelligentsia retreated into the academy, where the tragedy of 1960s cultural politics was replayed as farce. Partly this involved the dominance of identity politics. Its sources were compelling and wholly understandable the desires of women and minorities to vindicate and explore a separate sense of self, independent of the hegemonic standards established by white males.† (Noam Chomsky, 1997 p. 115) Intellectual history relates quite closely to the history of ideas and philosophy. The central perspective in intellectual history suggests that ideas do not vary in isolation from the individuals that are responsible for creating and using those ideas. It is also important to study the ideas. It is also important to study the environments, culture and lives of any given nation in order to better understand their ideas and notions. In American intellectual history, an unintended quest for alternative identities was the creation of a new type of fragmented politics if interest groups, which seems to be removed from a greater vision of the good society. It has been argued that the American people seem to be living in a kind of ideal documentary and that this trend must be halted. There is also the perceived culture war of the 1980s and 1990s, which tends to inspire hostility to intellectual elitism. According to author Dionne, â€Å"while the political right spent the 1980s and 1990s preaching the gospel of privatization and the virtue of pursuing individual satisfactions, many in the progressive academy engaged in their own form of withdrawal. An aesthetic radicalism replaced political radicalism, and a battle over texts and canons displaced the fight over whose interests would be served by government and whose ideas would define mainstream politics† (Dionne, 1992 p. 73). For decades, American intellectuals have been trumpeting calls like this. It may be that hardly anybody gets the

Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 43

Questions - Essay Example For instance, dressing codes that people currently embrace can be unethical according to perception of people 2o years ago. Lawrence Hinamn refers to ethics as a social responsibility that every member of the society has to take into account. Rationality of human beings provides an opportunity to edit codes of ethics in ways that fit them. Ethical pluralism explains the essence of personal judgments of morality. It helps in understanding moral differences in generations and societies in relation to social dynamics (Pojman, 2006). Issues such as involvement of the media in the spread of immorality can be understood through the pluralistic approach to moral theory. The book uses features such as â€Å"Ethical Inventory† to clarify several ethical theories. Virtue ethics deals with the society in a general perspective requiring people to hold mutual responsibility in ethics. Hinman uses philosophical interpretation to enable readers to get a deep understanding of the facts. The use of current issues responds to the dynamic nature of social

2014-2015 Mock trial Starter kit Essay Example for Free

2014-2015 Mock trial Starter kit Essay Would you please introduce yourself to the court room? Hello, my name is Jordanus Asterion (Hordanus Astrion) What do you do for a living, Mr. Asterion? I am an attorney How long have you been an attorney? Well I practiced for about 20 years, then I had a bit of a mishap but now I’m back to practicing, heck I got my biggest case ever just this year! This miss hap, what happened? It all started back in 2012, it was one drink then I was hooked, I was jobless, homeless, and recently divorced. I was living on the streets, in parking garages, or where ever I could. But, after the incident, I sobered up, got my law license reinstated, and got back together with my family. Are you referring to the death of cervus carona? Yes. Can you tell the jury what you saw? Well my dog woke me up and I saw the samurai group at the parking garage I was sleeping in. there were two people running up the stairs, I immeadtly recognized lang tigris, and the other person, I now know as cervus carona. They were arguing about something, I couldn’t tell what, but when they got (I can’t find what story) story cervus got physical, he pushed lang against the wall†¦. Well†¦ then it happened†¦ What are you referring to Mr. Asterion? See more: Defining research problem and setting objectives Essay Well the force of the push made both people bounce, and lang bounced and that gave cervrus a little more momentum†¦ then†¦ well cervus fell†¦ he fell out of the window. Did you observe anything after that? Yea, lang†¦ he was just calm†¦ and still†¦ it seemed like he was in shock.\ (I want to ask a opinion on the ultimate issue question, but I don’t know how to word it) This is just an issue of bad timing, cerverus push lang just a little to hard in the wrong place at the wrong time, and well now were here. Anything about criminal investigation on direct, object to 4.18.3 lack of proper predicate, 602 lack of personal knowledge, 703 opinions by experts You have a Bachelor’s of Science from Texoma University, don’t you? Yourdegree is in Accounting, isn’t it? You also have a Master’s degree from the Enron Hubbard Institute, don’t you? This degree is in Forensic Accounting, isn’t it?  Neither of your degrees make you eligible to work in Law Enforcement, do they? Neither of these degrees are law degrees, are they?  You have never worked as an on-staff employee of any law enforcement agency, have you? So you do not have formal expertise in criminal justice, do you? Nor do you have any educational background in criminal justice, do you? So you cannot render any expert opinions regarding the alleged criminal activities of my client other than those relating to the accounting of Argo Navis, Inc., can you? You know that both my client and Cervus Corona were attempting to sell the company, don’t you? You know that the company was worth somewhere between $2- and $200 million dollars, don’t you? (if brought up) and Lang could only receive a maximum of 2 million from life insurance You know that $75,000 dollars had been stolen from the accounts of Argo Navis, don’t you? This is the only questionable accounting you found in the Argo Navis accounts, isn’t it? And you have no conclusive evidence tying this singular piece of criminal activity to my client, do you? Beauty and the beast, price, cursed, ugly, villagers thought he was evil that was an act of prejudice May it please the court, your honor, opposing counsel, member of the jury. We all know the story of beauty and the beast, the beast was a handsome prince, who was cursed by a witch to become and evil looking monster. He was slandered, tormented and persecuted by the villagers all because of a prejudice they had towards him. Hello, my name is Nate K. I am a representing the state of texoma in today’s case. Today the prosecution holds the burden of proof, which means that if, you have a single doubt of guilt in your mind, then the defendants is innocent. Like in the beauty and the beast, the villagers, or in this case, the prosecutions witness, we presume, will attempt to slander the beast, Lang Tigris. Malus testudao will attempt to tell you he saw the altercation, but in reality he didn’t have vantage point where he could see it. Next, we presume that felis vela will  take the stand, she will tell you about how 75 thousand dollars was stolen for the company, but no one know who took it. She will also explain that the company was worth more than the money than Lang Tigris got from the life insurance. She will also give you opinions that no ability to give. Finally, limax Grus will take the stand, we believe that he will testify about the crime scene, which was not treated properly. He will also tell you about the witnesses he improperly interviewed and detained. And he will also explain that he left out an eye witness. Next we will call three witnesses. Jordanus Asterion will explain that he had a great view point of the entire altercation, and how Cervus corona began the fight, and how e fell as a result of ricochet. He explain that even though he was eyewitness, limax gruss did not interview him. Next Ares Vega will testify, he will explain to you that the Lima Grus did not control the crime scene, he also did not properly detain the witnesses, and furthermore he did not even question an eye witness. Finally, lang tigris will take the stand. He will explain that the business relationship was perfect, then Cervus began to bulk up, and he became aggressive, all lang did was try to please him, then the day of the altercation, Lang said something, he told cervrus he needed to calm down and become a team player. Cervrus said that lang was just riding his caot tails, and at that point, lang asked him about steroids, which put cerverus over the edge. He will explain that later that day they met, by chance, at the samurai class. Cervrus was aggressive and physical with him, then, it happened. Cerverus pushed lang and rebounded off the glass through the wall. Ladies and gentlemen, please don’t allow the villager to kill the beast, after he is inncocent.

African American civil Essay Example for Free

African American civil Essay Analyze the changes that occurred during the 1960s in the goals, strategies, and support of the movement for African American civil rights. Before the 1960’s, African American civil rights were severely encroached upon. All aspects of American life, from hospitals to schools to water fountains, were segregated,. Literacy tests, poll taxes, the grandfather clause, and pure intimidation kept African Americans out of the polls. The 1960s, the peak years of the civil rights movement, showed changes in the goals of the civil rights movement, evolving from desegregation to voting rights to equal economic opportunity; the accompanying strategiesshifted accordingly with the goals, litigation being more popular during the first goal; and the civil rights movement gained support from whites, including some prominent leaders, but lost some black support, as it progressed. The goals of the African American civil rights movement changed as a catalysts provoked change, or the goals were achieved: the first goal, desegregation, lasted from 1947-1963; the goal of voting rights extended from 1963-1965, and the last goal – equal economic opportunity and improving urban conditions, officially lasted from 1965-1968. In the early 1960s, the civil rights movement focused on targeting the rampant segregation. The movement continued to win desegregation victories through the other strategies, finally culminating in Johnson’s 1964 Civil Rights Act, which outlawed segregation in public accommodations and was specific to prevent the loopholes that other desegregation laws had contained. However, in September 1963, the Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama was bombed, killing four black girls. The shock and disgust that the African American community felt at the bombing caused the civil rights movement to schism. The two options were to shift the movemen t or become violent. As a result, the movement changed to focus on achieving voting rights, so that blacks could elect political.

History Of The Fiat Strategic On The Market Marketing Essay

History Of The Fiat Strategic On The Market Marketing Essay The intention of this marketing strategy proposal is to examine FIATs current and historical marketing strategies and apply academic models and principles to make recommendations for their future marketing strategy. We will examine what the Agnelli family and its shareholders want to achieve for the company, which direction they are prepared to take the company to achieve their goals, and what techniques they use to evaluate their success. It is important to refer to FIATs long history, to understand some of FIATs marketing strategy options available today, and appreciates that even in this modern constantly changing environment, FIAT understands that it cannot completely lose sight of its underlying principles. History The FIAT brand was started by Gianni Agnelli in 1899 under the name Società   Anonima Fabbrica Italiana Automobili Torino (Turin). In the 1920s, utilising the same methods as those employed by Ford, FIAT began mass producing its first four seat automobile, the 509. Post World War II, Italys economy was booming and much of this can be attributed to the automobile industry. FIATs cars and farm machinery production grew rapidly due to the new production facilities that FIAT set up worldwide. In 1967 FIAT released the 124 model, a model that went on to win FIAT its first title of Car of the year  [1]  . FIATs success continued into the mid 1970s when the world experienced the oil crises which began when the Middle East declared an embargo on the U.S. During the 80s and 90s when it was experiencing heavy competition, FIAT promoted itself-lf as an innovative brand proposing avant-garde technological solutions at affordable prices.  [2]  and turned its focus to producing vehicles i n developing markets. Post Millennia Fiat was falling behind with the times and invested into changing its core structure, examining its corporate culture and building a relationship with the customer through quality and design innovations and to symbolise this new start, FIAT changed its traditional round badge to a square more formal badge. Chapter II 2.1. The FIAT BRAND FIAT has changed and developed as a car manufacturer through more than a century of existence. The company has had seven logos, symbolising the different development stages, time, age and current position. FIAT has been selected nine times directly and three times through its subsidiaries as the overall winner of the European Car of the Year award. No other company has received this premier automotive award more times than FIAT. The FIAT brand today has the power to evoke all the stages that have made the history of FIAT and its cars: being close to people, their needs and desires, with concrete answers that are flexible and customised.  [3]   2.2. Why did FIAT need the new start? Once the primero name in the Italian automobile market, due to increasing competition from international manufacturers such as the Japanese, Fiat had been unable to hold on to the number one spot. Historically imported cars were prohibitively expensive as high taxes were levied at customs so most people bought domestic cars, which contributed to the success that Fiat enjoyed for decades. Today these tariffs have been removed and Fiat is losing out to the Asian car producers who have the technological advantage with processing and production.  [4]   FIAT has been struggling and losing business over the past 10 years. A failed collaboration with General Motors (GM) only made this position worse.  [5]   FIAT has concentrated in designing small cars, rather than producing a gamut of models like its peers. The lack of segregation of Fiat model range and the placement of the brand means that its almost unidentifiable in the market. Fiat is predominantly reliant on the home market and concentrates its efforts there. Fiat cars are sold at competitive prices, but it is these low prices that are potentially having a detrimental effect on sales. FIAT cars are considered by many as being of an inferior quality which might very well be the physiological consequence of FIAT targeting a lower price. 2.3. Automotive Industry The automotive industry is one of the largest industries in the world. Although the traditional markets have reached saturation point for the conventional combustion engine (excluding vehicle replacement), emerging markets such as China and India are driving new demand. 2.4. Internal and External Analysis 2.4.1. S.W.O.T. Analysis The Internal analysis of strengths and weaknesses focuses on internal factors that give an organisation certain advantages or disadvantages in the market. 2.4.1.1. Strengths Fiat has a strong historical brand name. Fiat is very good at producing small cars such as the Fiat 500. Fiat has a strong presence of Plants overseas. The senior management of Fiat are open-minded to new technologies and are very good at reviewing different ways to organise the organisation. Fiat has a strong senior management team. 2.4.1.2. Weaknesses Poor economies of scale. Fiat tries to put into operation economies of scale, even though it does not the financial power to sustain them. Fiat is rarely a pioneer in introducing new models for the target market. Fiat has a weak marketing network. Their marketing department does not understand market trends and customers expectations. Meaning that Fiat tries to sell something which is not in line with what the customers wants. Poor product quality. Focus on small car segment which has lower margins. The External analysis of opportunities and threats focuses on external factors that exist in the environment. Both of them exist separately of the firm. 2.4.1.3. Opportunities Emerging markets such as the Chinese market or the Indian market. The Chinese automotive market is one of the most rapidly growing in the world. Fiat wishes to focus on expanding into third world countries, markets believing that they are the only markets where firms can expect growth. With less stringent safety requirements, and people happy to trade off non-essential features for a cheaper car, Fiat does not need to invest in development of new models and features. For example, most lack air-conditioning. In fact, Fiats specialisation in smaller cars puts it at a benefit in those markets. A general trend of reintroducing classic models, or models inspired by classic models to try and take advantage of the prestige on the cachet and cool that they generated the first time around. For example, the Beatle by VW and the Mini by BMW. The technology of fuel cells, and hybrid cars presents new opportunities for the industry, and the environment. Government scrappage schemes that encourage people to purchase new cars with the incentive that their old vehicle will be scrapped in exchange for a generous minimum payment, even when this far outweighs the value of the car. 2.4.1.4. Threats The recent macroeconomic downturn has also affected the demand for automotive products worldwide. Manufacturers have had to resort to widespread sales tactics to stimulate demand. Most automobile manufacturing companies around the world face innovation rivalry from Japanese manufacturers, from high technology, through just-in-time production to extensive warranties. Raw material costs are increasing. In the last decade, North American, Japanese and European markets saw a slow progress in demand. Conversely, strong demand is present in emerging Eastern European and especially in Asian markets. Both developments may stimulate price competition between firms as we approach world over-capacity. Safety standard requirements are increasing which requires more research and development, more testing and other costs associated with compliance with external bodies. 2.4.2. P.E.S.T. ANALYSIS FIAT GROUP This type of analysis is used to determine the external driving factors in the automobile industry which can affect the performance of FIAT and the automobile industry altogether. These encompass political, economical, social and technological factors. 2.4.2.1. Political Factors 2008-2012 According to the Kyoto protocol, all the participating countries including the UK have to decrease greenhouse gas emissions by an average of five per cent over the five-year period. Nearly 200 countries have deposited their ratification paperwork. The most notable country that has not ratified the protocol is the United States of America The recent expansion of the EU between 2004 and 2007 should be taken into consideration, which in May grew from 15 to 27 States, including the following countries; Poland, Slovakia, Malta, Estonia, Cyprus, Lithuania, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Latvia, Romania and Bulgaria. 2.4.2.2. Economic Factors The Chinese automobile market is growing rapidly. In the past decade it has gone from an also ran to the largest producer and market in the world. Recent instabilities in the price of oil have affected the price at the pump. The price swings have been so great that fuel retailers have been unable to smooth out the price using the recognised method of buying exchange traded futures contracts or over-the-counter forward contracts. The general move to hybrid and all electric vehicles is being assisted by penalising conventional combustion engine vehicles by offering discounts on more environmentally friendly models and governments introducing progressive taxes based on carbon dioxide omissions. 2.4.2.3. Social Factors Most world conflicts relate to oil production/transportation (e.g pipelines) or at least involve a country that has a significant oil supply/infrastructure, which adds to the price volatility. The increasing importance of environmental factors and the effect this has on consumers spending should not be ignored. People are gradually becoming less interested in owning a high performance, petrol guzzling car, and would rather drive a more efficient, less polluting green vehicle. This social consciousness of population extends to people who use public transportation, which is well supported in Europe. 2.4.2.4. Technological Factors The demand for oil will outstrip global oil (ASPO, Association for Study of the Peak Oil Land Gas, 2005). Consequently, automobile producers are researching into alternative fuels. For instance, Iceland hopes to be self-contained in energy in another 40 years by using hydrogen fuel cells. 2.4.3 PORTER GENERIC STRATIGIES Porter summarised that there are three main strategies for a successful business model. Cost leadership, differentiation and market segmentation. Companies that pursued moderate market share often suffered the hole in the middle problem, giving them the lowest profit. Fiat Group utilises all three of these strategies, cost leadership through its relatively low cost small cars, differentiation through commercial and agricultural vehicles, aviation, financial services and publishing, and niche markets through its acquisition of Ferrari and Maserati. So one might instantly consider that by covering all three strategies, it runs the risk of spreading itself too thinly and suffering the fate of low profitability. However, Fiat has been careful keeping its different activities separate, allowing each business to focus on its core strategy, so that each one can achieve optimum success. These successful enterprises are then combined at the group level for the purpose of differentiation to make the group more resistant to market shocks. 2.4.3. FIAT FIVE FORCES 2.4.3.1. Competitive rivalry within the industry There is always intense competition between companies in the automobile industry that focus both on the international and national markets. Fiat has pursued advancing itself compared to its competitors through product differentiation, improving quality and implementing producer process innovations. For example, Fiat began to look seriously at outsourcing more contracts and cutting component costs in the 1990s. FIGURE 1: Porters Five Forces for FIAT (Cammarata et al., 2006) In a continuously changing market, there is always a threat of rivalry from overseas. Intense competition from Japan and Korea has rewarded them with piece of Fiats domestic market share. 2.4.3.2. Threat of the new entrants Fiat strategic aim is to expand its portfolio through acquisition. Firms can choose to merge in order to remove barriers to entry in new markets. Nearly all the main automobile companies, for instance, Toyota, Honda, Renault and Nissan acquired separate divisions or merged into a group such as Volkswagen Group and many find themselves in a very complicated cross-ownership network. In addition, Fiat has to be able to manage brand identity to keep away the threat of new entrants to its markets. 2.4.3.3. Threat of the substitute products Although in the strictest sense there is not an equivalent substitute for the car, there are many alternative brands. Fiat is focused on cheaper models, good design and quality. 2.4.3.4. Bargaining Power of Customers Selecting a low price point compared to its competitors reduces the ability that customers have when bargaining over the price. With its range of models and levels of equipment it can find a suitable vehicle to satisfy the customers wallet. 2.4.3.5. Bargaining Power of Suppliers Fiat produces many components in house, or from within the Fiat Group. Fiat has a strong relationship with its outsourced partners. 2.4.4. PRICING STRATEGIES 2.4.4.1. Premium Pricing . The practice of setting a high price for desirable and/or unique products. Fiat Group utilises this strategy for its premium marques such as Ferrari and Maserati as they have a substantial competitive advantage due to their prestige and brand loyalty. 2.4.4.2. Penetration Pricing Here the price is set low initially to encourage take up, and then increased once the popularity rises. The initial low offering may result in losses which will be covered once the price is raised. Fiats pricing strategy is always to be low cost, so there is less scope to reduce prices at launch. Some naysayers might say that its Fiat motor car brand is lower quality than other mainstream produces, so this strategy might not be available to Fiat. 2.4.4.3. Economy Pricing Costs of marketing and manufacture are kept at a minimum to create a product that is available to the masses. Fiat has always had the strategy of penetrating the market by setting consistently low prices, partly due to concentrating on producing small cars and partly due to avoiding competing on quality. Only recently has Fiat started investing more heavily in marketing. 2.4.4.4. Price Skimming Is where a new product is released at a high price point and typically targeted at those that are early adopter and are price insensitive, or need the product at any cost. Having high prices, and more importantly high margins attracts competitors, which drives the price down. In a mature market such as the car market, price skimming is not a viable option except for possibly in the car accessories market e.g. satellite navigation when it was first introduced. Along with the four main pricing strategies, there are other approaches to pricing 2.4.4.5. Psychological Pricing This approach targets the consumers emotional responses, rather than their rational response. One common trick is to select a price point such as  £19,950,  £19,990, or even  £19,999 rather than  £20,000. 2.4.4.6. Product Line Pricing This is where the product is priced based on the benefit relative to other products in its range. Fiat sells its cars based on size and performance which helps the buyer understand the price relative to a, for example, a smaller model with a lower price and a high performance variant with a higher price. 2.4.4.7. Optional Product Pricing Here a basic product is advertised and sold. Optional extras will then be adding to the overall price of the vehicle. Fiat, as well as all car manufacturers create a fully safety compliant vehicle with a standard engine to get people interested in their car. Once the buyer is interested then it is up to the retailer to promote the advantages over performance, styling and functionality of the optional extras 2.4.4.7. Captive Product Pricing Manufacturers will charge a low price initial and recoup its margin through complementary purchases or maintenance. A recent trend in the motor industry is to sell the vehicle at low price but recoup extra money through after service and high costs of parts and labour. To counter this other companies have introduced up to a 7 year warranty. 2.4.4.8. Geographical Pricing Geographical pricing is where there are variations in price around the world. Variations may occur due to shipping costs, local competition, laws and regulations. Most of Fiats vehicles sell to mainland Europe and so have the steering wheel on the left. However in the UK and elsewhere in the world the steering wheel is on the right. In tropical countries cars do not need to be fitted with a heating system, likewise in cold climates air condition need not be fitted. Car manufacturers usually create a basic model to be sold in developing countries 2.4.4.9. Value Pricing In the current recession, people have less disposable income and are more likely to put off large purchases such as a vehicle, hence Fiat has to reduce margins further to present extra value to the customer. 2.4.5. MARKET SEGMENTATION Market segmentation is the process of identifying subsets of a market made up of individuals demanding similar products based on attributes such as price, function or style. A true market segment is distinct, homogenous, reacts to stimuli and behaves in the same way to stimulus. Market Segmentation, includes but is not limited to the following bases Geographical continents, countries, town, region Demographical Age, Gender, Social Class, Family Type Psychographic Cultural, Activities, Interests, Opinions, lifestyle, religion Geodemographic a combination of Geographical and Demographical Behavioural usage rate or loyalty Fiat selects models and equips vehicles based on the geographical segment of the market that they are to be sold. For example, in countries with unsealed roads it sells 4 wheel drive models, rather than sports models. In hot countries air conditioning is standard and heating is optional, likewise in cold countries the opposite is true. In South America, cars are modified to run on compressed natural gas, and ethanol fuel is used as an alternative to petrol or diesel Demographically, Fiat aims smaller, economical models at the young, performance cars at 25-45 year old men, estate/hatchback cars at young families and large saloons at senior businessmen and retirees treating themselves to a quality car that will last. Psycho graphically, electric/hybrid models aimed at the environmentally conscious. The redesigned Fiat 500 or other stylish models at trendy young people, who consider themselves a bit different Behaviourally, Appeals to those who have owned a Fiat before. The Fiat 500 is also targeted at nostalgic middle aged people who probably had one, or at least wanted on the first time around, as a second car. 2.4.5.1. Fiats Four Ps Jerome McCarthy proposed the 4 Ps for describing the marketing mix Product Various models, sizes, configurations, equipments standards Price Fiats cost leadership means that its customers pay a low price Place Fiat has a worldwide presence for direct sales and distribution. Promotion How effectively Fiat can market its products through direct and indirect advertising, public relations, word of mouth and point of sale. The original four Ps can be extended by a further three Ps for marketing services People: includes employees, management and consumers Process: Procedure, mechanisms and flow of activities Physical Evidence: The environment in which the service is delivered. Both tangible goods that help to communicate and perform the service, and the intangible experience of existing and potential customers 2.4.6. Bowmans clock An expansion of Porters three generic strategies, Bowman compares price against value. The strategies form around the central spoke hence the comparison to a clock. ValuePrice Low Price Medium Price High Price High added value Hybrid. By carefully off-shoring, Fiat can reduce production costs whilst still delivering the same product Differentiation. Investing in exciting new models to build its customer base and brand loyalty Focus Differentiation. Hybrid cars and Electric cars currently have a high price, to recoup the costs involved to bring this high value attribute to the market Mediocre added value Cost Leader. Through low prices, Fiat attempts to be a cost leader Raise Price. High Margins for its premium car brands. There is a possibility of losing sales to competition, but it is unlikely to be price related Low Added Value Fiat retails budget, low specification variants to developing nations Increased Price and Low Value. With the amount of competition in the car industry, this option is not really viable. Selling such a big ticket item, people weigh up the cost vs benefits 2.4.7. Boston Matrix Created by the Boston Consulting group, this chart is used to plot a companies business units to allow a company to make decisions on strategic marketing and brand marketing. Detailed in the chart are 4 specific business units of the Fiat brand. Its important to note that even with low market share and low growth, satisfactory profits are still possible. High market share low High Star question mark / problem child growth of market cash cow dog Low European Car Market Chinese car market South American market Financial services Chapter III 3.1. Direction of Growth 3.1.1. Ansoffs Matrix 3.1.1.1. Market Penetration This theory advocates the strategy that the company markets its existing products to its existing customers. By promoting the product and repositioning the brand the company can gain competitors customers, increase sales to existing customers and gain new customers that are considered part of the existing market but have not yet invested. 3.1.1.2. Market Development This theory advocates the strategy that the company markets its existing products to new customers. The product remains the same although it may be repackaged physically and metaphorically for a new audience. The product may be exported to reach a new international market. FIGURE 2: ANSOFFS MATRIX (Source:http://tutor2u.net/business/presentations/strategy/ansoff/default.html slide3) 3.1.1.3. Product Development This theory advocates the strategy that the company markets new products to its existing customers. The company may develop innovative replacement products, complementary products to existing products, or sell entirely disconnected products to its existing customer base. For FIAT this means updated existing models or replacing them to be marketed to existing customers, or offering complementary products such as car accessories or finance. However, Fiat divested its insurance sector in 2003. Fiat also offers aspirational brands to its existing customers in the form of Maserati and Ferrari. 3.1.1.4. Diversification This theory prescribes the strategy that the company markets new products to new customers. The company diversifies into new markets where it previously had no presence. This diversification takes two forms, related diversification, where the diversification remains in the industry or market where the company is established, or unrelated diversification, where the company enters a new industry in which they have no market experience Fiat diversified itself in the related personal transportation market through its Piaggio motorcycle brand, which in 1999 it sold to Morgan Grenfell Private Equity, through the related, components, metallurgical products, production systems, commercial vehicles, buses and services vehicles, agricultural and construction equipment. It also diversifies itself into less related and unrelated industries through aviation, IT, finance, leisure, publishing, communication and even sponsorship of the Jamaican bobsledding team!  [6]   Chapter IV 4. The Method of Development 4.1. Merger or Acquisition of FIAT Apart from in its home country where FIAT is well received, it cannot rid itself of the perceived and genuine quality issues internationally. To combat this FIAT should consider recommencing its attempted allegiance with General Motors or seek a well known domestic manufacturer with a track record of delivering quality. If neither of these options are viable, FIAT could look to other strategic alliances perhaps with the Japanese, or with a German Manufacturer, highlighting the qualities that these partnerships bring when promoting their vehicles in the UK. Only by pursuing a joint venture or by associating itself with a recognised service provider will FIAT be able to be a contender in Europe. This approach will invariably be a costly one, but if the sincere objective is to increase the market share of the brand, FIAT has to follow this determined approach. Along with the failed allegiance with General Motors, over its history FIAT has had many associations (and attempted associations) with various European producers which have all ultimately failed. The reason for failure is down to two imperative reasons. Firstly any substantial agreement with an external entity would require a considerable shake-up of the production capabilities which would result in a substantial reorganisation for the employees of both parties. Secondly the outcome would change the dynamics of the Agnelli family involvement and control of the company, vastly reducing its impact in the management and running of the company. If FIAT had reached a satisfactory resolution with General Motors the combined business would have been able to win market share from its competitors by leveraging off of the synergies created by the two entities in engine, and component design. The union between the two would have allowed for the Agnelli family to control the implementation of the agreement in the Europe market.  [7]   This united company would surely be a definite force in the emerging markets of Russia, Brazil and other South American countries, particularly with its existing exposure unsurpassed by its Chapter V 5. Conclusion The analysis shows that Fiat is not a well represented and truly desirable universal brand. Its goal, and therefore its marketing effort must be to change consumers attitude and perception of the brand and promote Fiat as being superior to its competitive peers such as Vauxhall and Peugeot. By identifying rivals in the industry such as these, its possible to access relative strengths and weaknesses, similarities and disparities so as to gain an insight into the changes that must occur for the company to be successful in achieving the companys target. Similarities Differences FIAT vs. Vauxhall -Both are targeted as familiar or traditional (associated with practicality over style.) Impersonal sales -Similar notion about prices (but FIAT is considered cheaper) Vauxhall target customers are slightly older FIAT is poor quality while Vauxhall is medium quality Vauxhall is recognised for the full range of car types, FIAT is recognised for its small vehicles FIAT is less popular Fiat vs. Peugeot -Similar notion about prices -Equally reliable Peugeot is considered good quality (well built and comfortable to drive) while FIAT is poor quality. Peugeot is well designed with more has better performance Due to Fiats competitive price strategy, and its position of being a cost leader, it is considered by many as offering an unreliable, low quality alternative to the other majors. However, it is not the actual quality of FIAT cars that is driving this belief, but the customers perception of quality based on their competitive price point. Purchasing a motor vehicle is an expensive investment, and an investment that will reduce in value over time. Buyers use a combination of rational values and emotional elements when making their selection decision. Rational values involves all the costs associated with the vehicle and affordability and the emotional elements involve the selection process of choosing a vehicle or brand that you identify with and which one you would be most happy living with for a number of years. One must consider the Points of Parity and Points of difference when marketing a brand. This table is related to the points of parity and difference of each brand. Points of parity Points of difference FIAT   Traditional, rudeness Leader in cost Vauxhall   Familiar, comfortable, rust Many models (you can choose for different purposes) Peugeot   Comfortable, good design   Sportive design People need to identify with a car, feel that the car represents them. Fiat does not employ a strong enough emotional message to distinguishing it from its competitors, and offset its negative perception and creating desire am

Human Resources :: Management Employment Essays

Human Resources With today's workforce becoming increasingly diverse and organizations doing more to maximize the benefits of the differences in employees, Human Resource managers are evolving from the "old school" sideline player to the front-line fighters. Organizations are relying on managers to get the people who get the job done, and of course, make the company money. People have always been central to organizations, but their strategic importance is growing in today's knowledge-based business world like never before. An organization's success increasingly depends on the knowledge, skills, and abilities of its employees, particularly as they help establish a set of core competencies which distinguish one organization from its competitors. When employees' talents are valuable, rare, difficult to imitate and organize, an organization can achieve a sustained competitive advantage. In order to "compete through people", an organization has to be able to do a good job of managing their human capital: the knowledge, skills, and capabilities that add value to the organizations. Managers must develop strategies for identifying, recruiting, and hiring the best talent available. Develop these individuals in ways that are specific to the needs of their individual firms, encourage them to generate new ideas while familiarizing them with the company strategies, invite information sharing, and rewarding collaboration and team work. The basis on which compensation payments are determined, and the way they are administered, can significantly affect employee productivity and the achievement of organizational goals. Establishing compensation programs require both large and small organizations to consider specific goals. Employee retenti on, compensation distribution and adherence to the budget must be carefully weighted against the overall organizational goals and expectations. Compensation must reward employees for past performance while serving as a motivation tool for future performances. Internal and external equity of the pay program will affect employees' concepts of fairness. Organizations must balance each of the concerns while still remaining competitive. For internal equity an organization can use one of the basic job evaluation techniques to determine relative worth of job. The most common are the ranking and classification methods. The job ranking system arranges jobs in numerical order on the basis of the importance of the job's duties and responsibilities to the organization. Job classification slots jobs into preestablished grades with higher rated grades requiring more responsibilities, working conditions, and job duties. External equity can be determined by a wage survey. Data obtained from the surveys will facilitate establishing the organization's wage policy while ensuring that the employer does not pay more, or less, than needed for jobs in the relevant labor market.

Acquired Immune Difficiency Syndrome :: essays research papers

Acquired Immune Difficiency Syndrome AIDS is a life and death issue. To have the AIDS diseas is at present a sentence of slow but inevitable death. I've already lost one friend to AIDS. I may soon lose others. My own sexual behavior and that of many of my friends has been profoundly altered by it. In my part of the country, one man in10 may already be carrying the AIDS virus. While the figures may currently be less in much of the rest of the country, this is changing rapidly. There currently is neither a cure, nor even an effective treatment, and no vaccine either. But there are things that have been PROVEN immensely effective in slowing the spread of this hideously lethal disease. In this essay I hope to present this information. History and Overview AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Defficiency Disease. It is caused by a virus. The disease originated somewhere in Africa about 20 years ago. There it first appeared as a mysterious ailment afflicting primarily heterosexuals of both sexes. It probably was spread especially fast by primarily female prostitutes there. AIDS has already become a crisis of STAGGERING proportions in parts of Africa. In Zaire, it is estimated that over twenty percent of the adults currently carry the virus. That figure is increasing. And what occurred there will, if no cure is found, most likely occur here among heterosexual folks. AIDS was first seen as a disease of gay males in this country. This was a result of the fact that gay males in this culture in the days before AIDS had an average of 200 to 400 new sexual contacts per year. This figure was much higher than common practice among heterosexual (straight) men or women. In addition, it turned out that rectal sex was a particularly effective way to transmit the disease, and rectal sex is a common practice among gay males. For these reasons, the disease spread in the gay male population of this country immensely more quickly than in other populations. It became to be thought of as a "gay disease". Because the disease is spread primarily by exposure of ones blood to infected blood or semen, I.V. drug addicts who shared needles also soon were identified as an affected group. As the AIDS epidemic began to affect increasingly large fractions of those two populations (gay males and IV drug abusers), many of the rest of this society looked on smugly, for both populations tended to be despised by the "mainstream" of society here. But AIDS is also spread by heterosexual sex. In addition, it

Mary Magdalen of Dostoevskys Notes from Underground Essay -- Notes Fr

Not for this I was born and then raised up. Unacquainted was I with such need. I once prayed to God, I was faithful. I once had a soul that knew peace. -from "Fallen," a Russian brothel song (Bernstein, 169) Prostitutes, women who sell their bodies for money, have been frowned upon since antiquity by most members of society. However, from as early as Rahab, the Whore of Jericho in the Old Testament who helped Joshua and his men regain the Promised Land, prostitutes have been portrayed as not only as sinners with the possibility of redemption, but women who lead men to salvation as well. This trend was particularly taken up in nineteenth-century Russian literature: "Elevated into powerful literary symbols by authors like Dostoevsky, Tolstoy..., prostitutes became female archetypes who either disillusioned the men with whom they associated or raised them to a higher plane of being" (11). Dostoevsky uses this idea of a "saintly prostitute" repeatedly in his works. The archetype that Bernstein claims he creates in based on the image of Mary Magdalen from the New Testament, the celebrated reformed prostitute who devotes her life to Christ. Crime and Punishment's Sonya Marmeladova, of whom "No tes from Underground's Liza is a prototype, performs the role of the penitent sinner who leads the way to salvation: the saintly prostitute Mary Magdalen. Despite common belief, Mary Magdalen is never referred to as a reformed prostitute in the four Gospels of the New Testament, though her actual role is just as pertinent to Dostoevsky's writing. In spite of the Gospels' tendencies to conflict with each other, they agree on four aspects of the Magdalen's life. First of all, she is one of Jesus Christ's female followers who is present at ... ...r one's sins and the perpetual chance of salvation. Works Cited Bernstein, Laurie. Sonia's Daughter's: Prostitutes and Their Regulation in Imperial Russia. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995. Conradi, Peter. Modern Novelists: Fyodor Dostoevsky. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988. Dostoevsky, Fyodor M. Crime and Punishment. Trans. Jessie Coulson. Ed. George Gibian. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1989. Dostoevsky, Fyodor M. "Notes from Underground." Trans. Andrew R. MacAndrew. New York: Penguin Books, 1961. Haskins, Susan. Mary Magdalen: Myth and Metaphor. London: Harcourt Brace & Company, 1993. Malvern, Marjorie M. Venus in Sackcloth: The Magdalen's Origins and Metamorphoses. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1975. Wasiolek, Edward. Dostoevsky: The Major Fiction. Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press, 1964.

Houston Crime Stopper Proposal Essay

Description: This Crime Stopper Awareness presentation will be given to a small group of family and friends. This presentation is based on informing the audience members about the Crime Stoppers Organization in hopes of raise their awareness of Crime Stoppers and to get them more involved in stopping crime in our area. It is an opportunity for the audience members to learn about the many accomplishments of Crime Stoppers, and what makes this organization so successful. The audience will come to understand about how Crime Stoppers is able solve crimes and reduce the crime rates in the area. There will also be a segment focusing on the Safe School Program and how audience members can also get involved to help fight crime. All information in this presentation was obtained from the Crime Stoppers website: www.crime-stoppers.org Crime Stoppers Awareness Presentation The first Crime Stoppers program was implemented in New Mexico in 1976 and they have been growing ever since. Today there are over 3100 Crime Stoppers chapters across the United States, and an additional 1000 more scattered throughout other areas of the world. The Houston Crime Stoppers program was set up by local businesses in 1981 due to the increased level of crime in the greater Houston area. Crime Stoppers is a community-based program that works with law enforcement to solve crimes, ensure safer neighborhoods and schools for our children and also to provide people with the tools they need to help create a safer community. Houston Crime Stoppers has not only had a big impact on Houston, but also on other parts of the world. Thus, 10% of all worldwide arrests have come from tips that came in through the Houston chapter. For example, in 2007 Houston Crime Stoppers was responsible for solving over 30,000 crimes and received tips that led to 25,000 felony arrests. Also, Crime Stoppers has paid out over $10 million in rewards for tips leading to successful arrests. All the money Crime Stoppers has paid out is dependent on the donation from the community and fund raising events held by Crime Stoppers such as their â€Å"Brighter Tomorrow Gala†. Crime Stoppers goal is to create a safer community by helping to capture criminals and get them off Houston streets. In 2012, Crime Stoppers help to led to 684 felons arrests and solve 751 crimes such as: 18 murders, 10 capital murders, 79 robberies and 32 burglaries. Also, there were 34 cases solved in 2012 involving sex crimes against children. In addition, since 2007 Houston Crime Stoppers has assisted in helping to put criminals behind bars, to date the totaling jail time is 10,859 years in prison, 45,018 days in county and 24 life sentences. All these criminals were arrested, taken off the streets, and incarcerated thanks to the tips received from the community trying to stop crime. Another important program sponsored by Crime Stoppers is their Safe School Program that was started in 1997 and their motto is â€Å"Safe School Program is to cultivate and educate the youth of today and prevent the crimes of tomorrow†. This program has helped to remove guns from schools and in 2011 and 2012, Crime Stoppers helped solve 186 school related crimes. The goal is to not only fight the crimes occurring at public schools but also to educate students and thus far, Safe School, has provided over 1,000,000 students with safety training. This not only cuts down on crimes within the schools, it also leads to fewer student dropouts. Safer school led to safer neighborhoods, which increases property values and community job growth in the area. Therefore, protecting your children, schools and neighborhood from crime is an investment to the entire community! Crime Stoppers has been so successful not only because they work with law enforcement, but also due to the support they receive from the community. It is the tips from everyday people that allow the crimes to be solved and for the criminals to be apprehended. For instance, in the past many people had been afraid to contact the police to report information about a crime for the fear of retaliation or from fear of consequences from law enforcement. The key element in reporting tips to Crime Stoppers is that the individuals can remain anonymous; no questions asked. Also, any tip that results in a felony arrest, Crime Stoppers will pay a reward of $5,000 in cash, and again, no questions asked! By offering this reward incentive and allowing people to report their tips anonymously, more information is being reported, and more crimes are getting solved. Crime Stoppers is able to receive tips several way: by phone through their tip line at 713-222-TIPS, and also by text and email. So, Crime Stoppers offers a cash incentive for reporting tips and in doing so, have made it safe from anyone’s identity being revealed and easy for the various channels tips to be reported. In addition, Crime Stoppers has several other active programs in the efforts of making the greater Houston area safer. The newest society is Mothers Against Crime, which started in 2006 in hopes for safer neighborhoods for our children. Also, Crime Stoppers and the Gulf Coast Offenders Task Force have launched a campaign in arresting criminals with outstanding warrants for crimes against children. All that Crime Stoppers are able to do cannot be done without the involvement of the community, and the financial support of local businesses and individuals. Therefore, to help stop crime in our area please join in the fight with Crime Stoppers by getting involved in their local programs and/or donate to Crime Stoppers to help them continue to make Houston a safer place to live. It takes everyone in the community, working together to fight crime! Thank you.

Family And Kinship In India

India offers astounding variety in virtu onlyy e genuinely aspect of mixer support. Diver sit follow upies of ethnic, linguistic, regional, economic, religious, class, and clique chemical radicals crosscut Indian fraternity, which is in either boldness permeated with imwork forcese urban-rural differences and grammatical sexual practice distinctions. Differences amongst radicalton India and s verbotenh India be particularly signifi send wordt, oddly in frames of phylogenetic relation and mating. Indian friendship is multifaceted to an extent perhaps apart(p) in any round pull iner(a) of the beings great civilizationsit is more resembling an ara as varied as Europe than any some other private nation-state.Adding further variety to contemporary Indian market-gardening ar rapidly occurring changes modify mingled regions and socioeconomic sort outs in disparate ways. Yet, amid the complexities of Indian heart, widely played heathenish themes enhanc e sociable harmony and baffle. numerous Indian societies were organized around principles of family kindred. affinity ties based on bloodlines or unification formed the tail end of the semipolitical, economic, and religious trunk. time to political office and religious put toss offs, will spring and acquireance of beseemingty, and even whom matchless could or could non marry were determined on the base of membership in a kin group.Social bonds with relatives must(prenominal) be built at family events or at rites critical to the religious comm building blocky. Indian Society power well-disposed dodge India is a hierarchical society. Whether in northwesterly India or south India, Hindu or Muslim, urban or village, virtu both(prenominal)y each(prenominal) things, peck, and mixer groups argon ranked fit to sundry(a) essential qualities. Although India is a political democracy, notions of off equality are rarely evident in daily deportment. societal hier archy is evident in company groups, amongst singles, and in family and affinity groups.Castes are chiefly associated with Hinduism, simply caste- a akin groups too exist among Muslims, Indian, Christians, and other religious communities. Within nearly villages or towns, all(prenominal)one knows the relative rankings of each locally delineated caste, and appearance is invariablely shaped by this knowledge. Individuals are also ranked fit to their wealth and power. For example, some powerful earthywealth, or big men, sit confidently on chairs, plot little men get on before them to make requests, either standing(a) or squatting not presuming to sit beside a man of high position as an equal.Hierarchy plays an Coperni drive out role in spite of appearance families and transactionhip groupings also, where men outrank women of corresponding age, and senior relatives outrank junior relatives. dinner dress respect is accorded family membersfor example, in northern India , a daughter-in-law shows deference to her husband, to all senior in-laws, and to all daughters of the stand cargo area. Siblings, too, recognize age differences, with younger siblings addressing fourth-year siblings by respectful terms quite an than by name. Social Interdependence star of the great themes pervading Indian life is kindly interdependence.People are born into groupsfamilies, clans, sub castes, castes, and religious communitiesand pop off with a constant thought of being part of and inseparable from these groups. A corollary is the notion that everything a individual does aright involves interaction with other good deal. A individuals superlative dread, perhaps, is the possibility of being left alone, without tender support, to face the necessary challenges of life. This spirit of interdependence is extended into the theo logical realm the very shape of a souls life is seen as being greatly specifyd by worshipful beings with whom an ongoing relations hip must be arrested.Psychologically, family members typically experience intense ruttish interdependence. Economic activities, too, are deeply imbedded in a cordial nexus. Through a multitude of family relationship ties, each per watchword is linked with kin in villages and towns serious and far. Al close everywhere a mortal goes he can find a relative from whom he can reside moral and practical support. In every activity, social ties can protagonist a person and the absence of them can conduct failure. Seldom do passel endure out even the simplest tasks on their own. When a small child eats, his father puts the fare into his mouth with her own hand.When a missy brings water home from the well in pots on her head, someone functions her unload the pots. A student hopes that an influential relative or friend can facilitate his college admission. A young person anticipates that parents will countersink his or her espousals. Finally, a person confront death expects th at relatives will conduct the proper funeral rites ensuring his own smooth passage to the next stage of existence and reaffirming social ties among mourners. This sense of interdependence extends into the theological realm.From birth onward, a child learns that his fate has been written by divine forces and that his life is shaped by powerful deities with whom an ongoing relationship must be affirmed. Social interaction is regarded as being of the highest priority, and social bonds are judge to be long lasting. Even economic activities that might in Western husbandry involve impersonal interactions are in India deeply imbedded in a social nexus. All social interaction involves constant tutelage to hierarchy, respect, honor, the feelings of others, rights and obligations, hospitality, and gifts of food, clothing, and other desirable items.Finely tuned rules of etiquette help facilitate each individuals more social relationships. . Indian Family twist . Indian family structure is believed to be the unit that teaches the values and value of an honest lifetime that have been carried follow through across generations. Since the puranic ages, Indian family structure was that of a correlative family indicating every person of the same clan reinforcement unitedly. However, this liking of elaborate living had been disintintegrated in littler family units. The essential themes of Indian ethnic life are learned within the force of a family.The junction family is highly valued, beau ideallyconsisting of several generations residing, working, eating, and worshiping in concert. Such families include men colligate through the young-begetting(prenominal) line, on with their wives, children, and individual daughters. A married woman normally lives with her husbands relatives, although she retains important bonds with her native family. Even in rapidly upstartizing India, the tralatitious roast house cadaver for most Indians the primary social force, in both ideal and practice. Large families tend to be flexible and well suited to modern Indian life, especially for the more than two-thirds of Indians who are involved in agri close.As in most primarily agricultural societies, cooperating kin help provide mutual economic security. The articulate family is also gross in cities, where relationship ties are often crucial to obtaining custom or financial assistance. Many big families, such as the Tatas, Birlas, and Sarabhais, retain word family arrangements as they cooperate in tyrannical major financial empires The ancient ideal of the conjugation family retains its power, yet today developed living arrangements vary widely. Many Indians live in atomic families-a couple with their unmarried children- merely belong to warm networks of beneficial family relationship ties.Often, clusters of relatives live as neighbors, responding readily to their affinity obligations. As they expand, sum families typically disunite int o smaller units, which gradually grow into new rough-cut families, continuing a regular cycle. Today, some family members may move more or slight to take advantage of job opportunities, typically sending money home to the large family. FAMILY TRANSFORMATION An Analytical look on various studies by different sociologist check of views The Study of family in India centers on the contend of fit family versus nuclear family.The first take upd take aim on family comes from the writings of Sir enthalpy Maine, who was law adviser to the colonial politics of India. He developed intellectual engage in family studies. He indicated that joint family is characterized by Common property holding. Absolute agency of Karta. He considered that joint family is corporate unit where pile make contri more overion differently but share rewards on the basis of their needs. He express that joint family sustains in India because it is considered as moral institution with the members are obliged to perform rituals for ballpark executed ancestorsGS Ghurye considered that joint family is a product of Indian culture that glorified classical values. at that place is universal presence of joint family raw across caste, religion which promoted unity among people in Indian society. PN Prabhu in his abbreviation of family and kinship in India considers that individual tie-up with joint family is set by moralist, hence when morals is replaced by individualism (when tradition is replaced by modernity) then joint family is modify into nuclear family.Irawati Karve offered an arrant(a) definition of joint family. She writes that joint family refers to a social group where people belonging to 3 4 generations organically related to each other, hold property in common, share common residence, eat food prepared in common kitchen, participate in common rituals and ceremonies and they have, obligations towards the head of the family known as Karta. She considers that join t family is a product of culture and accordingly despite economic switching joint family system persists in India.It sustains itself as it is driven by cultural ideology instead than driven by economic amour. During mid-sixties two group of sociologist took considerable interest in the field of family consumeing field. One group conforming to modern theory looked into complete integration of joint family system whereas the other group went for empirical studies to examine regional variations in family renewal under the various answer of modernity. These two theories cannot be considered as qualitatively different because there position stand vary only on the question of the degree of changes in family.MN Srinivas, SC Dubay find out that there is a substantive linkage between caste and joint family. Empirical study indicates that high castes go for joint family system and sink castes go for nuclear family. indeed joint family is driven by economic logic quite an than cul tural moralist. It is also notice that joint family is not breaking down completely under the sour of urban living. Alan Rose in a study of Bangalore finds out that around 70% of families sheer either structural joint cape of functional joint ness or a mixture of both.MS Gore in his study of Agarwals of Delhi finds out that how mother son relationship precedes over husband married woman relationship and family operates as a strong support base to its members in reckons related to endurance of occupation, financial assistance and selection of conjoin. TN Madan indicates how residential separation has not instituten way to break down of joint family. In his theory of money order economy he indicates that family joint ness has always been enduring in slickness of India. then these scholars concluded by verbal expression that family transmutation in India is not a replica of family transformation in the West.Therefore social change in India is Indian in character and so W estern theories and models cannot explain family transformation in Indian society Household dimensions of the Family Family transformation in India has puts a fundamental question that, whether in India joint planetary house is disintegrating or joint family is disintegrating. He finds out that proportion of joint kinsperson is more today in compare to past. He bodes out the reasons for the same i. e. due(p) to rising population construction of house has become costly, migration in search of affair etc. Bigger joint kinfolks are now splitting into smaller households.People living in different households have strong emotional ties therefore joint household is disintegrating but not joint family and so family should be studied from household opinion and changes in household and family patterns must be investigated to examine actual spirit of family transformation in India. Classical sociologists were greatly connected to family study either by considering family as corners tone of human society or by looking into changing genius of society. With the advent of modernity it was comprehend that household is a residential space but family is a social institution.However, with the rise of womens liberation movement both as an ideology and as social movement, womens approach towards matrimony has done for(p) through a series of transformation. AM Shah in his book household dimension of the family in India indicate that even in traditional context, household and family do not mean similar things. Citing the case of India he considers that family and household were absolutely different but family studies in India abundantly focused attention on the transformation of joint family into nuclear family. Household refers to residential space where people living together may or may not constitute family.Looking at household pattern one could in effect study nature and form of transformation taking place in Indian society. In recent analysis of spherical migra tion and family pattern, it has been found out that in countries like Philippines and India a large chunk of women in search of employment go out to advanced countries of the world. Though most of them are married they dont stay with their family. As a result they constitute independent household. These households may constitute many friends living together or a person living with working partner to whom he/she is not married or a person living all alone.It is generally perceived in case of India that household is less durable an alternative to family system, which gives more impressiveness to friendship than kinship. Household offer immense individual liberty, sexual freedom, limited or no liability towards the other members of the household. Thus it can be concluded that household is evolving into a replacement for family in many developing countries including India. Therefore sociology of kinship is unsteady its focus from the study of marriage and family to the study of friend ship and household.Sexual Division of Labour feminist sociologists are of the opinion that whether its joint family or nuclear family, in no way family transformation is affecting to the lieu of women in India. Therefore reproduction, sexuality, division of grind are all determined by the values of patriarchy than by principles of equality. Talcott curate indicates that industrialisation, urbanization, migration have contributed for occupational mobility, empowerment of women and gender gap within and outside family has sufficiently been reduced.The modernist theory also indicates that in case of India relationship between husband and wife is now proceeding over parent-child relationship. conjugal relationship is considered as more important than obligation towards kinship. Irrespective of gender every child inherits the property from parents, selection of mates is no longer familys responsibleness and childbirth is greatly a matter of economics and mutual agreement between spo use. Therefore modernity has broken down traditional form of marriage, hierarchical form of relationship.Traditionally, males have controlled key family re man- do lakes, such as primer coat or businesses, especially in high- berth groups. Following traditional Hindu law, women did not inherit real estate and were consequently beholden to their male kin who controlled land and buildings. Under Muslim customary law, women canand doinherit real estate, but their shares have typically been smaller than those of males. forward-looking legislation allows all Indian women to inherit real estate. Traditionally, for those families who could afford it, women have controlled some wealth in the form of scarce jewelry.In the Indian household, lines of hierarchy and chest of drawers are clearly drawn, and ideals of conduct help maintain family harmony. i All family members are socialized to accept the authority of those above them in the hierarchy. The first male acts as family head, and h is wife supervises her daughters-in-law, among whom the youngest has the to the lowest degree authority. Reciprocally, those in authority accept obligation for meeting the needs of other family members. Systems of relationship in India Kinship is considered as the essence and soul of Indian social life. DespiteIndias video to technological and industrial modernity, descent plays a significant role in the life of people. GS Ghurye writes in detail active various descent groups living together in different regions of the country scating different names and identities. These different lineage groups bringing together a multi-civilization thereby making India a land of pluralism. However, all these descent groups consume common rules of marriage, common food behavior, common cultural, religious ideology radiating from Hinduism and that do Indian society a land of renewing.Indologists look into the role of descent in defining marriage, family and kinship in India. The people b elonging to similar descent group are located in a given region where they worship to their common ancestors, follow common way of life and when the size of descent group expands, they transmigrate to different areas but still carry their individuality. Therefore caste is nothing but an expanded descent system that maintains its boundary, distinguishing itself from the other caste.Andre Beteille indicates association of man and kinship is so strong in India that voting behavior is driven by kinship quite than on the basis of merit. In all the political parties of India kinship is the primary source of political recruitment. Thus democratic regulation in India is engaged in social and cultural reproduction. In case of India family/kinship offers ideological, economic, infrastructural support to individual to determine the nature of occupation.In conclusion it can be said that the role of descent and kinship not only determines the private sphere of an individuals life like marria ge, family, household, gender role, rituals but also has great influence over his public life like occupational selection, political participation and identity formation. Therefore the role of descent and kinship has changed very little under the influence of modernity in India and so while studying social transformation one cannot afford to ignore the same.Lineage system can be mete outd into two separate in India i.e. Unilineal systems a system of ascertain descent groups in which one belongs to ones fathers or mothers lineage. Both patrilineality and matrilineality are figures of unilineal descent. Non-Unilineal systems a system where there exists multiple forms of relationship. Classical anthropologists divide descent groups into two fundamental types such as Patrilineal inheriting or determine descent through the male line. Matrilineal inheriting or determining descent through the female line. Types of kinship systemsKinship is a relationship between any entity that sh are a genealogical railway line (related to family, lineage, history), through either biological, cultural, or diachronic descent. The first sociologist to study kinship systems in India is Irawati Karve, she divided India into four different kinship zones such as compass north Indian kinship systems. southerly Indian kinship systems. Central Indian kinship systems. eastern Indian kinship systems. North Indian kinship systems This kinship system is impersonate in Hindi speaking knocking and also in areas where Aryan culture influence is substantive.It includes West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar. In North India kinship systems, the rules of marriage is highly exhaustive because a large body of people are excluded from alliance relationship. One cannot receive women from his mothers group or mothers mother group, fathers mother group and from within his own village. thence inmarriage is quite exhaustive and marriage involves not intra-family ties but inter-village ties. Resid ential system is very Virilocal (bride lives with husbands fathers group) type . In North Indian kinship father son relationship precedes over husband wife relationship.South Indian kinship systems This type of relationship system is generally present in all Confederate states and some of its influence is also by and large noticed in pockets of Maharashtra and Orissa. In southerly India kinship systems, no distinction is made between patrilineal or matrilineal. In case of South India cross cousins marriage take place and so exogamy is not exhaustive like in North India. The relationship between husband and wife is not subdued to father son relationship as in case of North India. Hostility of relationship between the in laws driven by suspicion is also weak in South India.Central Indian kinship systems This system is practised in case of Gujarat, Maharashtra, MP which is a mixture of elements of North and South India. In case of Rajputs marriage is greatly determined on the basi s of family status of little girl. Rajputs are permitted to marry any girl on the basis of their choice rather than simply follow the rules of caste. Marathas are divided into 32 clans which are put into primary, utility(prenominal) and tertiary divisions and so the rules of marriage are determined accordingly between various divisions.In case of Kumbi of Gujarat one is not conjectural to marry women belonging to first-generation from fathers side and tercet generations from mothers side. In case of Rajasthan on the hopeful day of Akshaya Tritiyamassive marriages take place involving people belonging to different age groups and their rules of marriage is sufficiently relaxed. Eastern India kinship systems It largely includes kinship patterns followed by different tribal groups like Munda of Orissa, Manipuri of Manipur, Nagas, Kukis and Khasi. These kinship systems dont follow detail patterns .A daughter carries the name of patrilineal nanna and son carries the name of patril ineal grandfather, disjoint is common among them In conclusion these regional variations in kinship largely speaks about differential residential patterns, entitlement on the basis of gender, social status of men, women and children bringing the point back home that Indian culture is largely pluralistic in character. Therefore unity in India should not be seen as destruction of the process of diversity but rather it should respect the process of diversity.CONCLUSIONGradual changes have been ushered in by religious, social, and cultural reforms. Industrialization, urbanization, and technological advances have been instrumental in changing family structures, values, and lifestyles. Ganeswar Misra (1995) emphasized that middle- and upper-class families in urban areas were undergoing a dramatic transformation because the younger generation is questioning power issues, traditional roles, hierarchical relationships, obligations, loyalty, and deference for kinsmen and elderly.With changin g times, Indian family structure, functions, traditional division of labor, and authority patterns have altered, favoring more egalitarian relations between the husband and the wife and also a move toward more share decision-making patterns between parents and children. Despite these changes, the fact remains that most individuals continue to value and give top priority to the family, and families continue to maintain strong kinship bonds and ties.