A Startling Fact about College Paper Help Uncovered

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Confrontation of Gender Roles in the Works of Mill,...

Confrontation of Gender Roles in the Works of Mill, Tennyson, and Woolf Although women in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries faced oppression and unequal treatment, some people strove to change common perspectives on the feminine sex. John Stuart Mill, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and Virginia Woolf were able to reach out to the world, through their literature, and help change the views that society held towards women and their roles within its structure. During the Victorian era, women were bound to domestic roles and were very seldom allowed to seek other positions. Most men and many women felt that if women were allowed to pursue interests, outside traditional areas of placement that they would be unable to be an attentive†¦show more content†¦Mill makes a very strong argument that the position women have in society is not the only possible way to structure societal hierarchy. The reason it seems unnatural to change its structure, he claims, is because it is uncustomary. He says that one cannot keep a certain sex bound by a stereotype, on the basis of their nature, when nature, in this sense, is biased to what is known and allowed by society. Custom [...] however universal, affords no presumption and ought not to create any prejudice, in favour [sic] of womans subjection to man (Pyle 89). What is considered a womans nature is not a well-rounded viewpoint because it does not allow for the differences that might occur if situations were different. If men had ever been found in society without women, or women without men, or if there had been a society of men and women in which the women were not under the control of the men, something might have been positively known about the mental and moral differences which may be inherent in the nature of each. (1160-1161) The commonly held theories that women are inferior to men, because they lack the strength of character, mind, and body that men are attributed to having, are misleading for many reasons. To assume that men are superior in these three aspects is to assume that all men and women equally share the same strengths and weaknesses of their entire sex. To do this one must accept the fact that all

Foreign Direct Investment Relationship With Malaysian Economic Growth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3751 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION This study will give us an opportunity to identify the determinants of FDI that develops economic growth, to understand the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in enhancing the economic growth in Malaysia, and also the relationship between (FDI) and the economic growth in Malaysia. In this chapter of study, the main focus will be on research background, research objectives, research questions and also the significant of study. Research Background 1.1.1 The Trend of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Flow in Malaysia The relationship between the growths of FDI with countries has been a debatable issue for several decades. This has become an eye opener which agreed by (Karimi, Sharift and Yusop, 2009, p.2) which drive policymakers to engage in incentives such as export processing zone and tax incentive in order to attract FDI. However, the determinant of FDI in each country is different and failure to understand how a specific country can attract FDI will bring difficulties to changes in economy. In the case of Malaysia, in 2007 the economy was ranked at 29th largest economy in the world with gross domestic products that worth to be $357.9billion (World Bank, 2007). Despite the impact of many externalities such as, oil crises in 1970s, to downturn in electronic industry in 1980s, and majorly impact the Asian financial crisis in 1997s. According to (Ministry of Finance, 2006) the growth of economy in Malaysia was consistent from 1988 to 1996 and maintain the economic annual growth of 7-10% per annu m, by the year 2005 the main source of growth was the manufacturing sector whose share of GDP increase to 31.4 percent. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Foreign Direct Investment Relationship With Malaysian Economic Growth" essay for you Create order The key driver for the ongoing performance of Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy is the result of policy reform which is a determinant Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which enhances the economic growth of Malaysia. The evidence here can be seen by (Ministry of Finance, 2001) introducing the Investment Incentives Act 1968, free trade zones in early 1970s, and export incentives with open policy in 1980s has led to an establishment of FDI in the 1980s. One good example to show that the government has use policy as a determinant of FDI would be, The Promotion of Investment Act (PIA) 1986 which gave a larger percentage of foreign equity ownership in order to attract FDI to enhance economy of Malaysia. Figure 1: FDI inflow into Malaysia, (in million dollars) 1970-2004 This graph illustrates the FDI inflow from 1970-2004 in Malaysia. This research shown that (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) FDI stock in Malaysia grew tremendously from 1970s to 1990s, despite fluctuation between the years, and the growth of FDI has been promising from $94 million dollars in 1970s to $2.6 billion by 1990s. Unfortunately, in the early 1990s, the rate of FDI inflow has decrease because of the slowdown investment in Malaysia by two main sources of investors which is Japan and Taiwan. As of 1996, the FDI rate (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) has reach its peak when Malaysia successfully accumulated $7.3 billion dollar, by the end of 1998. There has been a major reduction in FDI inflow due to the financial crisis in 1997 that affected many Southeast Asia countries. Unfortunately, by the early 2000s the inflow of FDI in Malaysia has been unpredictable and inconsistent, but still manages to generate average inflow of $3billion per year. In 2007, Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inward (FDI) performance index has reduce compared to the inward (FDI) potential index which shows that Malaysia lack the capability to attract foreign investors in this recent years as seen in table1, and the key factors is because neighboring countries such as China, and India has much more attractive offers such as lower labor cost that make their business more efficient. Since the inflow FDI has been decreasing, Malaysia was ranked 71 in 2007. Table 1: Malaysia rankings by inwards FDI Performance Index, Inward FDI Potential Index (2005-2007) The table above explains that inward FDI inflow in Malaysia were only US $ 8,043 million and it was only 2.6% of total inflow of FDI to Asia and by that time China has possesses the share of as much as 26.05%.(World Investment Report, 2008) The conclusion can be made here is that Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reduction inflow of FDI is mainly because their incentive are becoming less competitive compared to other countries in Asia. Problem Statement FDI is strongly recommended to achieve consistent economic growth and resulting in modernisation in industrialisation and raise the living standards of the society. There are many determinants regarding FDI and based incentive policy is one of them. Research shows that (Lam and Liew, 2009, p.435) 2 main assumption of this incentive are that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“high monetary incentive allows FDI to be attracted easierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“high inflow of FDI might lead to higher economic growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Unfortunately, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“incentiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is not necessary monetary-based like tax exemption but can be a long term relationship that seeks for mutual benefits of both sides. The evidence can be seen that the total inflow of FDI into the region of South East Asia, East Asia and South Asia has increased by 15% to USD 165million in 2005 but for Malaysia despite the fact that many monetary based incentives is provided, Malaysia still experiencing a decrease in foreign direct investment. (Tomlinson, Abdullah, Kolesnikov and Jessop, 2006) In 1990, Malaysia was ranked 4th in the world for FDI, but was ranked 62th in 2005 and recorded negative inflow of net foreign direct investment in the year 2007 More attention should be given by government, researchers and policy makers to identify the problem and produce the solution that can stimulate the FDI in Malaysia. Much research has been done to stimulate FDI, but a lot lesser research has been carried out considering international relations because mostly focus on microeconomic aspect of domestic firm performance. It is very important for foreign investors to gain confidence to invest in Malaysia, hence enhance the economic growth in Malaysia. More research should be done to determinant other determinants of FDI in order to develop the performance of economy in Malaysia. It is very important for more research to be done on FDI with international relation in order to identify the determinants of FDI that can stimulate the economic growth of Malaysia and not on incentive that only focuses on profit maximization of one sided benefits. Research Objectives The objective of carrying out this study is as below To review the determinants of FDI that is affecting economic growth in Malaysia To analyze the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. To evaluate some policy actions related to increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia. Research Questions This study is conducted to address the following research questions: Do the determinants of FDI inflow affect the economic growth in Malaysia? Will relationship with FDI result in bloom of economic growth in Malaysia? How policy actions can increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia? Chapter 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In this section, a review of literature will provide us with a better understanding of the determinant of FDI and the growth of economic in Malaysia. This chapter focuses on the empirical studies on the role of FDI in the economic growth of host countries. Furthermore, a conceptual framework of these variables will be provided. 2.1 Review of Literature 2.1.1 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has associate with many leading roles in development of host countries such as source of capital, new job opportunities, diffusion of new technology into country, and develop overall economic growth of host countries. Empirical studies have been carried out to show the relationship between FDI and economic growth while others focuses more on the causality of these two variables. Different methods are use by research to find out the determinants of FDI and the relationship it has with economic growth of host countries. By using cross-section data and OLS regression, Balasubramanyam (1996) found out that host countries that impose export promoting strategy produce positive growth of FDI on the economic growth but this does not apply to host countries as imposes import substitution strategy. Cross-sectional data has also conclude that high level of institutional capability which measured by degree of property right protection and bureaucratic efficiency in host country leads to a positive effect of FDI which enhances the economic growth of host countries. (Olofsdotter, 1998) In the work of Borensztein, et al. (1998), they utilize the cross country regression framework to analyse the effect of FDI on economic growth. They use the FDI flows data from industrial countries to 69 developing countries for the past two decades. Their research provided essential information that shown FDI plays an important role in diffusing new technology in host countries, and relatively boost overall economic growth rather than domestic investment. According to another research on (Borensztein et, al.1998) developing economies which focuses on the diffusion process of technology and economic growth, they found out that the positive impact of FDI on economic growth is highly dependent on the availability of human capital in the specific host country. De Mello (1999) uses both time series and panel data fixed effects for a sample of 32 developed and developing countries to study the relationship of FDI and economic growth. However, he only found out little result showing positi ve effect of FDI that affects the economic growth of host country. There are also other research that focuses on the causality between FDI and economic growth. Zhang (2001) and Choe (2003) use co integration and Granger causality test for a sample of 11 developing countries in East Asia and Latin America. Zhang (2001) found out that 5 cases that shows enhancement of economic growth but the condition of host country is important, so factors such as macro stability and trade regime must be attractive to attract FDI in host countries. Through the research of Choe (2003), the finding of casuality between FDI and economic growth shows that FDI is dependent on the economic growth of host country and not the other way around. Little evidence was shown that FDI enhance the growth of economy, but mainly supports that rapid economic growth enhances the FDI inflow into the country. Chowdhury and Mavrotas (2003) use innovative econometric methodology to identify the causality of FDI and economic growth. The research was done using time series data from 1969 to 2000 for three developing countries that are Malaysia, Chile and Thailand. Each country involve with different background of determinants of FDI such as macroeconomic episodes, growth patterns, and policy regimes. Their study found out that GDP was the cause of growth of FDI in Chile, but it does not go the same with Malaysia and Thailand which has strong evidence of bi-directional causality of these two variables. In the case of Frimpong and Abayie (2006), In the research (Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles, 2003) by using panel data to study Latin America between the relationship of FDI and economic growth, they found out there is a positive impact of FDI that lead to increase in economic growth but the research is similar to Borensztein, et.al, (1998) that says economic development depend on the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stability condition. Finally, Duasa (2007) which focus on the causality between FDI and output of economic growth in Malaysia and the study found no evidence of relationship between FDI and economic growth. These has indicate that in the case of Malaysia, FDI does not cause economic growth but FDI contributes to stability of growth as growth contributes to stability of FDI. In order to understand the determinants of FDI more accurately, we can see through research done by Vernon (1966) by using product cycle hypothesis which relates to trade theory by Hufbauer (1966). The theory is about the relationship between investment theory and trade theory by using products as they are export or invested. They found out that competition prices in host countries drives foreign investors to seek cost advantages especially labour cost. This shows that innovation of countries to attract FDI is important to improve economic growth. 2.1.2 Economic growth in Malaysia Export growth can be considered as the most researched determinant factor of (FDI) in economic growth. According to Chow (1987, p.124), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the export growth of development countries can be identified through the impact of increase in countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s income, non-export production of goods, resource allocation, and capital efficiency, ability in handling external shocks, negative external effects and also total productivity factor.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Therefore, research has shown export strategy has been an effective factor in enhancing the economic growth of developing countries. Furthermore, these countries have also testified that export promotion is an effective development strategy (Jung and Marshall, 1985). However, export strategy is not the main determinant factor of FDI that promotes economic growth. According to Ahmand and Harnhirun (1996) research, by using time data series from 1966 until 1988 to determine whether export is the main (FDI) factor that affects countries economic growth on industrial countries like Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand, they found out that economic growth and export is dependent on development of countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policy, and also economic development causes export growth not the other way around. In order to (Alfano et.al, 2004) identify the relationship between FDI, financial market, economic growth and also to find out whether countries with better financial systems are able to exploit FDI effectively. An empirical analysis was done by using cross country data from 1975 to 1995 which concluded that FDI played a leading role in contributing to economic growth in 71 countries which means countries with good financial market are able to take advantage of opportunity offered by FDI. Li and Liu (2005) studied whether FDI affect economic growth by using single and simultaneous system of equation techniques to test these two variables. Their research found a significant relationship between FDI and economic growth which identified, Human capital has indirect interaction with FDI that leads to positive impact on economic growth in developing countries, whereas countries with insufficient technology knowledge will have significant negative impact on economic growth in developing countries Another study done by Hsiao and Hsiao (2006) using panel data and time series from 1986 to 2004 to identify Granger causality between GDP, export and FDI among China, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand found out that FDI has direct one way effect on GDP and indirect effect through export. There was also bilateral causal relationship between export and GDP. Lastly, study done by Baharumshah and Thanoon (2006) using quantitative assessment found out that FDI effects economic growth both long-term and short term in the host countries. Their research has also shown that countries that are able to attract inflow of FDI successfully can generate more investment which leads to faster overall development of economy, hence FDI is a major contributing factor in the economy of East Asian countries. Ang (2007) use annual time series data from 1960 to 2005 in order to find out the determinants of FDI in Malaysia found out that GDP growth had a significant positive impact on FDI inflow. 2.2 Theoretical Framework Foreign direct investment (FDI) Independent variable Dependent variable Technology advancement Economic growth in Malaysia Human Capital Policy development Social GDP 2.2.1 Analysis path This framework is to understand the research of the two variables in the case of my research proposal, foreign direct investment (FDI) is the independent variable and economic growth in Malaysia would be the dependent variable. The purpose of this research proposal is to understand the relationship of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. In addition, Malaysia can implement different FDI contributing factor that can enhance economic growth in the country. The analysis here is about the determinants of FDI and it interests me in which Malaysia can implement and make FDI more attractive to be invested by foreign firms. In this analysis, the information accumulated should provide the key determinants of FDI at the same time enhance the development of economic growth in Malaysia. Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This section describes the research methodology use in the study to access the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. Simple ordinary least square (OLS) regression and the empirical analysis are done using annual data of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia over the 1970-2005 periods. The research was done using annual data from IMF international Financial Statistic tables, published by International Monetary Fund to find out the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. 3.1 Data 3.1.1 Data Resources According to Romano (2004), primary data can be define as data that is collected specially for the purpose of answering research question, while secondary data can be define as existing data collected in order to answer different research project. Secondary data was chosen for this research because it is less expensive compared to primary data, and takes less time to collect data that is needed for research. (Romano, 2004) Secondary data has made information far easier to be obtain by interpreting information from primary data and published them through secondary resource such as newspaper, journals, books, internet, and also research reports. () The existence of secondary data happens when a project needs the collection of data that has already been research in order to further understand the research question on a new project That is why secondary data is essential in order for us because it provide us with the knowledge to form research design and also answering our research quest ions in a more in depth scale. 3.1.2 Data Analysis Procedure In order to complete this research proposal we have mainly use secondary resource such as journals, websites, books, and also research report. Secondary resource has provided us with the information needed at the same time save us time and cost. KBU International College has provided us with books that contain the information needed for us to make references for our research topic. Internet network has been a major contribution by using the Google Chromes search engine we are able to obtain various journals and reports from websites that allows us to make reference and understand our research objectives. Emerald website in particular by using Anglia Ruskin University account has granted us the access to various journals that are easy to obtain without any hassle. The usage of less text book is because the library has insufficient information needed to answer our research questions. 3.2 Hypothesis Null hypothesis H0: FDI is not important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth. Alternate hypothesis H1: FDI is important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth. Technology advancement is essential in developing economic growth because it produces skilled labor that will enhance productivity and satisfying demands from consumer. According to Easterly et al. (1995), technology transfer depends on the diffusion process and can take place in 4 forms which is transfer of new technologies and ideas, high technology imports, foreign technology adoption and also level of human capital. Diffusion process of technology into host countries can be different depending on the human capital and availability of technology in the country itself. Example, study made by Borensztein (1998) on developing economies concluded that FDI has positive economy growth but the effect of magnitude depends on the availability of human capital in the host country. This clearly shows that advance technology is very important to enhance economic growth at different level of diffusion growth. Null hypothesis H0: Economic stability is not important to attract FDI into the country Alternate hypothesis H2: Economic stability is important to attract FDI into the country Many countries should pay more attention to economic stability in order to attract FDI which can enhance economic growth. With a stable economy it portrays a positive image and good economic positioning, which in turn attracts foreign investors to invest and generate profit from the investment made in the foreign country as a guaranteed. Therefore, determinants of economic stability should be given attention, the determinants are such as exports, and government expenditure, domestic consumption, and exchange rate that should be manage well by government. According to the research done by Kogid,et.al,(2010) , the most important determinant of economic stability in Malaysia is export and consumption expenditure. Their study also found out that government expenditure and exchange rate are less effective on economic growth but it does not mean it should be ignored but these factors can be act as catalyst and complement factor of economic growth. Null hypothesis H0: Implication of policy does not promote economic growth. Alternate hypothesis H3: Implication of policy does promote economic growth Implication of policy reform is important to draw attention of foreign investment. Policies to promote growth have evidence but it does not work for other countries. This can be seen from the study made by Ahmad and Harnhirun (1996) which studied on new industrial countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand that found out export and economic growth dependent on development of policy. Therefore, government should impost relevant policies to attract FDI into Malaysia. Example, policies like joint venture which give opportunities to domestic producer to become one with foreign investors. This way will benefit local partner as they have exposure towards technology. 3.3Limitation Theoretical framework of FDI that is use to analyses the FDI determinants and economic growth in Malaysia could have been done more accurately with more secondary resources. Firstly, KBU International College provides insufficient books that have relation with this research topic. However, KBU does provide student with the account to access Emerald websites that contains many research journals and reports that is very convenient for our research topic. In addition, some determinants of FDI in the theoretical framework were not taken into consideration because there has been insufficient research done on some determinants of FDI that affects economic growth in Malaysia. As a result, this research is not entirely completed to reflect the full extent of FDI on Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy growth. Since this research is mainly dependent on opinions of researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s around the world, this may lead to inaccuracy of research because they might disagree with research and opinions done by other authors around the world. 4.0 Ethical Consideration Before the research is done, respondents will be notified regarding the aim, benefits and purpose of the research is conducted and the method that is engage to carry out this research so that respondent will be able to understand the reason of caring out this research and the potential hazard level of this research. There are also no pressure of any kind shall be force for individual to become subject of research. In addition, respondents have the permission to withdraw or terminate from participating and becoming subject of the research. These are the ethical action taken so that there will be no violation of human rights. The identity of respondents from who involves in the survey is strictly confidential and shall be discarded once research is completed unless permission is granted by respondents for publish sake. No information of respondents will be revealed and included in the final report.

Nursing Home Evaluation Essay examples - 1435 Words

Nursing Home Evaluation I am seeking to find a home for my 76 year old Grandfather Leroy. It is becoming increasingly difficult for him to take care of himself and no family members are available to take care of him as it is becoming a full time job. He was diagnosed with colon cancer a few years back and his disease, in conjunction with chemotherapy, has taken away his capacity to care for himself. He was also recently diagnosed with Parkinson ¡Ã‚ ¯s disease. The name of the Nursing home that I chose to evaluate is the Lakeview Nursing Center. This facility on the outside appears to be well maintained. It is composed of brick and is set in a good neighborhood. Upon entering the facility, the first thing I noticed was the†¦show more content†¦Both of the gentlemen stated they had been in other homes and that this was the nicest home they had been in. Kenneth complained of his first home  ¡Ã‚ °smelling more like a zoo than a nursing home. ¡Ã‚ ± John told me that his last home was on the South Side and that the neighborhood was filled with gang bangers and hoodlums. When his family visits here though, they wheel him through the Lincoln Park neighborhoods and it ¡Ã‚ ¯s nice. For all of the questions that I asked these two men, they had just as many questions for me. Heading in to this assignment, I hadn ¡Ã‚ ¯t really considered that someone would be asking ME questions. In the midst of all that happens in nursing homes, it ¡Ã‚ ¯s important to remember that these residents aren ¡Ã‚ ¯t just dependent, o lder people, but that they are still people just like you and I. The two levels of care offered by the nursing home are intermediate and skilled. Admission requirements for the facility are based on an on-site-evaluation basis, as well as a look at the prospective resident ¡Ã‚ ¯s medical history and a physical. Exact cost figures were unavailable but the average cost per/day to live in this home is estimated to be approximately $164.00. Dr. Sandra Timmerman of MetLife Mature Market Institute reports that the average stay in a nursing home is 2.5 years. That ¡Ã‚ ¯s an estimated cost of $149.650.00 for two and a half years. This high cost helpsShow MoreRelatedNursing Homes, Do They Really Give the Quality Care They Advertise?1615 Words   |  7 Pages So often people contemplate on using nursing homes to help care for an elderly family member; due to strong concerns of the family member not receiving the quality care that nursing homes advertise. For many people they carry a belief that nursing homes just hire people off the street with minimal education, this is far from the truth. 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Patients who are not acutely ill but still require nursing care or assistance with functional activities may receive care from long term care facilities such as, skilled nursing facilities, extended care facilities, or other facilities. These patients either focus on improving skills in order to return to their own homes, or they focus on maintaining skills in order to prevent further limitations or disability. PTs and PTAs must be

The Management Of Co Morbidities America Is An...

Introduction The management of co-morbidities in America is an escalating dilemma for advance practice nurses (APNs). As an advance practice nurse (APN) continues to expand in her direct care role the depth and breadth of his/her advanced practice will focus on ongoing management and care of diverse populations that present to the APNs practice with hypertension and other co-morbidities which must be treated suitably with the best evidenced based approach and current guidelines aimed at promotion, maintenance and advancement of patient’s health, prevention or reduction in progression of maladies burden and cost. Hypertension and co-morbidities such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) and Hyperlipidemia are health problems frequently seen by practitioners with potentially ravaging, though preventable outcomes. Case Study Mr. Hightower is a 52 year old male with a PMH Type 2 DM, Hyperlipidemia, and HTN. He is a new patient to your office stating he stopped his meds several months ago and he cannot remember what he took in the past. His BP is 150/90. HR 88, RR 20 BMI 35. HGB A1C is 9.6, Total chol 225, LDLs 183, HDL 35. CBC, CHem, LFTs are wnl except for glucose of 124. Discuss the focused pertinent physical exam for this patient as well as what further diagnostics are needed in providing evidenced based care. What medications are important to start for this patient to treat his co-morbidities. Include the follow-up for this gentleman along with pertinent diagnostics needed atShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManagement Course: MBA−10 General Management California College for Health Sciences MBA Program McGraw-Hill/Irwin abc McGraw−Hill Primis ISBN: 0−390−58539−4 Text: Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition Cohen Harvard Business Review Finance Articles The Power of Management Capital Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum International Management, Sixth Edition Hodgetts−Luthans−Doh Contemporary Management, Fourth Edition Jones−George Driving Shareholder Value Morin−Jarrell LeadershipRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesTiffany Ruby Patterson, Zora Neale Hurston and a History of Southern Life Lisa M. Fine, The Story of Reo Joe: Work, Kin, and Community in Autotown, U.S.A. Van Gosse and Richard Moser, eds., The World the Sixties Made: Politics and Culture in Recent America Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., History and September 11th John McMillian and Paul Buhle, eds., The New Left Revisited David M. Scobey, Empire City: The Making and Meaning of the New York City Landscape Gerda Lerner, Fireweed: A Political Autobiography

Competitive Strategy of Amazon and Apple Inc-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Competitive Strategy of Amazon and Apple Inc. Answer: Amazon Amazon is an e-commerce site which is the largest retailer in the world based on the internet with respect to sales and market capitalization. Any type of business cannot continue to function in the same way forever. As the time changes the conditions of the business have also been restructured and the strategies are planned for keeping their business on track. So here, lets have a quick look at how the business of the firm Amazon has restructured their business strategies for expanding as the biggest online retailer and this is the reason why I have selected this company since it is excelling in its respective field at present in the market (Huo et al., 2014). The generic corporate strategy of Amazon can be defined as the concentric diversification. This strategy of the firm is mainly based on leveraging the capabilities of technology for the success of the business and it also follows the cost leadership strategy which is aimed at offering the supreme value to their customers at the lowest price along with wrapping their business around the customer so that they find Amazon as the first go-to the portal site if choosing to shop online. However, the strategy that is chosen by Amazon has paid off well for them as it can be noticed from the fact that it is the largest online retailer all over the world and constantly it has been the leader in the market place in which ever it is operating (Acquaah Agyapong, 2015). Amazon is considered to be one of the leaders that are pushing innovative new models in the business. Firstly, it has created the online market for bookstore by focusing on the long range selection at low pricing later it has expa nded the site with various other products. A small merchant marketplace has been added by them, later, which eventually grew and started giving new and used offerings apart from their own and some of the competitive offerings are also fulfilled (Jayawardhana Weerawardena, 2014). With Amazon web services they have expanded their core capabilities of infrastructure into a separate platform. With the help of the Kindle, it has given the chance of downloading the digital book. Amazon requires expanding globally in order to grow quickly and for actualizing the scales of the economy along with the leveraging synergies. In doing so it has to do the CAGE framework for international trading in a comprehensive manner. Although the current business model of Amazon is catering the needs of the global audience as a part of cultural and geographic segments it has to setup the local portals in those particular countries where ever it wants to expand. For example, at present Amazon is having some dedicated portals in most of the countries along with India, while this kind of model can be followed by the organization in various other countries as well (Block et al., 2015). In addition to this for doing CAGE framework, Glocal approach should be adopted by it where ever the fundamental global delivery model has been adapted as per the local conditions, hence representing the merging of both local and global or Glocal (Mitra, 2016). Apple Inc. Apple is a multinational organization which is involved in designing, developing and selling the consumer electronics, online services, and computer software. Everyone is aware that Apple is the company that is most valuable in the whole world (Parnell, Long Lester, 2015). This organization not only has the largest market cap, but for the first time, it also has got the largest sales, highest profits, and assets when compared with the biggest technology companies in the world. This is the reason why I have selected Apple Inc. as the example company for discussing the business strategies, CAGE framework, and business model innovation methods that are adapted by this firm. The business strategy that is followed by Apple can be characterized as the vertical integration as the company is having the advanced technical expertise in hardware, software, and services altogether at the same time. The major factor that has set Apple from the competition is the adoption of vertical integration as it was benefiting them from all the aspects. As per the business strategy of Apple Inc., it has adapted the advanced capabilities and features with respect to its services and products on the basis of competitive advantage. The list of business model innovations that have been introduced by Apple Inc. includes the introduction of iPad which is the first device made for storing thousands of songs, the first computer with graphical user interface and the launching of the iMac (Walker Madsen, 2016). In the market, Apple iTunes such as an iPod is not the first product to purchase music online from them, but the innovated model of business for selling more iPods it has been enabled by downloading a single song for 99 cents and apart from this all the restrictions for listening has been removed which were there previously. The other new innovative model was with the iPhone and App Store but not in the form of products first, but it has created an app ecosystem which was to manage external to the mobile operators (Wright, 2014). This was done to sell a number of iPhones. The CAGE framework analysis for international trading has been absolutely followed by Apple Inc. by exploring the culture and geographical system in the respective countries. The international trade has been designed as the part of the business strategy where it has classified it as the product differentiation with regards to functionality and designing (Parnell, Long Lester, 2015). The business strategy of Apple also includes structuring and expanding its business in retail and online stores along with the distribution network of third party associates for reaching more number of cust omers effectively and also providing high-quality sales, in addition, to support experience after sales to them. Apple has continued in expanding its platform as a part of its business strategy and business model innovation in the discovery and delivery of the digital content and applications of the third party with the help of iTunes store. An expansion of organization in international markets through CAGE framework intensively is another important aspect of its place in the market. As per the strategic framework of Apple, it has created an ecosystem of switching costs for its customers internationally. References Acquaah, M. and Agyapong, A., 2015. The relationship between competitive strategy and firm performance in micro and small businesses in Ghana: The moderating role of managerial and marketing capabilities. Africa Journal of Management, 1(2), pp.172-193. Block, J.H., Kohn, K., Miller, D. and Ullrich, K., 2015. Necessity entrepreneurship and competitive strategy. Small Business Economics, 44(1), pp.37-54. Jayawardhana, K. and Weerawardena, J., 2014. Conceptualizing the Role of Market Learning in Social Innovation-Based Competitive Strategy. Huo, B., Qi, Y., Wang, Z. and Zhao, X., 2014. The impact of supply chain integration on firm performance: The moderating role of competitive strategy. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 19(4), pp.369-384. Mitra, S., 2016. Models to explore remanufacturing as a competitive strategy under duopoly. Omega, 59, pp.215-227. Parnell, J.A., Long, Z. and Lester, D., 2015. Competitive strategy, capabilities and uncertainty in small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) in China and the United States. Management Decision, 53(2), pp.402-431. Walker, G. and Madsen, T.L., 2016. Modern competitive strategy. McGraw-Hill Education. Wright, S. ed., 2014. Competitive intelligence, analysis and strategy: Creating organisational agility. Routledge.

British Army free essay sample

# 1056 ; # 1077 ; # 1092 ; # 1077 ; # 1088 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1053 ; # 1072 ; # 1090 ; # 1077 ; # 1084 ; # 1091 ; : British Army 1. Introduction The British Army is the land armed forces subdivision of Her Majesty s Armed Forces in the United Kingdom. It came into being with the fusion of the Kingdoms of England and Scotland into the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army incorporated Regiments that had already existed in England and Scotland and was administered by the War Office from London. It has been managed by the Ministry of Defence since 1963. The British Army consists of 114,240 regular soldiers ( which includes 3,760 Gurkhas ) plus 35,500 Territorial Army soldiers, giving it a sum of around 150,240 soldiers in November 2009. The British Army is the 2nd largest ground forces in the European Union, second merely to the Gallic Army. The full-time component of the British Army has besides been referred to as the Regular Army since the creative activity of the reservist Territorial Force in 1908. The British Army is deployed in many of the universe s war zones as portion of both Expeditionary Forces and in United Nations Peacekeeping forces. The British Army is presently deployed in Kosovo, Cyprus, Germany, Afghanistan and many other topographic points. In contrast to the Royal Navy, Royal Marines and Royal Air Force, the British Army does non include Royal in its rubric. This is because, historically, British Armies comprised separately raised regiments and corps. The place of the British Army as the Army of Parliament and non the Crown was confirmed by the Bill of Rights of 1689 necessitating Parliamentary Authority to keep a standing ground forces in peacetime. Nevertheless, many of its component Regiments and Corps have been granted the Royal prefix and have members of the Royal Family busying senior places within some regiments. The professional caput of the British Army is the Chief of the General Staff, presently Sir David Richards KCB CBE DSO. 2. History The British Army came into being with the amalgamation of the Scots Army and the English Army, following the fusion of the two states parliaments and the creative activity of the United Kingdom of Great Britain in 1707. The new British Army incorporated bing English and Scots regiments, and was controlled from London. From about 1763, the United Kingdom has been one of the taking military and economic powers of the universe. The British Empire expanded in this clip to include settlements, associated states, and Dominions throughout the Americas, Africa, Asia and Australasia. Although the Royal Navy is widely regarded as holding been critical for the rise of the British Empire, and British laterality of the universe, the British Army played an of import function in colonisation. Typical undertakings included garrisoning the settlements, capturing strategically of import districts, and take parting in actions to lenify colonial boundary lines, supply support to allied authoritiess, suppress Britain s challengers, and protect against foreign powers and hostile indigens. The decease of General Wolfe during the Battle of the Plains of Abraham ; the runs of the Gallic and Indian War resulted in British control of modern Canada. British military personnels besides helped capture strategically of import districts, leting their imperium to spread out throughout the Earth. The ground forces besides involved itself in legion wars meant to lenify the boundary lines, or to prop-up friendly authoritiess, and thereby maintain other, competitory, empires off from the British Empire s boundary lines. Among these actions were the Seven Years War, the American Revolutionary War, the Napoleonic Wars, the First and Second Opium Wars, the Boxer Rebellion, the New Zealand land wars, the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the First and Second Boer Wars, the Fenian foraies, the Irish War of Independence, its consecutive intercessions into Afghanistan ( which were meant to keep a friendly buffer province between British India and the Russian Empire ) , and the Crimean War ( to ma intain the Russian Empire at a safe distance by coming to Turkey s assistance ) . As had its predecessor, the English Army, the British Army fought Spain, France, and the Netherlands for domination in North America and the West Indies. With native and provincial aid, the Army conquered New France in the Seven Years War and later suppressed a Native American rebellion in Pontiac s War. The British Army suffered licking in the American War of Independence, losing the Thirteen Colonies but keeping on to Canada. The Duke of Wellington s victory over Napoleon Bonaparte at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 is normally held as one of the British Army s greatest triumphs. The British ground forces was to a great extent involved in the Napoleonic Wars in which the ground forces served in Spain, across Europe, and in North Africa. The war between the British and First French Empires stretched around the universe. The British Army eventually came to get the better of Napoleon at one of Britain s greatest military triumphs at the conflict of Waterloo. Under Oliver Cromwell, the English Army had been active in the conquering, and the colony, of Ireland in the 1650s. The Cromwellan run was characterized by its sturdy intervention of the Irish towns ( most notably Drogheda ) that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War. It ( and later, the British Army ) has been about continuously involved in Ireland of all time since, chiefly in stamp downing legion Irish rebellions and runs for self-government. It was faced with the chance of combating Anglo-Irish and Ulster Scots colonists in Ireland, who alongside their Irish countrymen had raised their ain voluntary ground forces and threatened to emulate the American settlers if their conditions ( chiefly refering place regulation and freedom of trade ) were non met. The British Army found itself contending Irish Rebels, both Protestant and Catholic, chiefly in Ulster and Leinster ( Wolfe Tone s United Irishmen ) in the 1798 rebellion. The Battle of Rorke s Drift in 1879 saw a little British force repel an overpowering onslaught by Zulu forces ; eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded for the defense mechanism. In add-on to combating the ground forcess of other European Empires ( and of its former settlements, the United States, in the American War of 1812 ) , in the conflict for planetary domination, the British Army fought the Chinese in the First and Second Opium Wars, and the Boxer Rebellion ; Maori tribes in the first of the New Zealand Wars ; Indian princely forces and British East India Company mutineers in the Indian Mutiny ; the Boers in the First and Second Boer Wars ; Irish Fenians in Canada during the Fenian foraies ; and Irish separationists in the Anglo-Irish War. Following William and Mary s accession to the throne, England involved itself in the War of the Grand Alliance chiefly to forestall a Gallic invasion reconstructing Mary s male parent, James II. Following the 1707 brotherhood of England and Scotland, and the 1801 creative activity of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, British foreign policy, on the continent, was to incorporate enlargement by its rival powers such as France and Spain. The territorial aspirations of the Gallic led to the War of the Spanish Succession and the Napoleonic Wars. Russian activity led to the Crimean War. British Mark One Tank during World War I. Note the counsel wheels behind the chief organic structure which were subsequently scrapped as they were unneeded. Armored vehicles of this clip still required much foot and heavy weapon support and still do to a lesser extent today The immensely increasing demands of imperial enlargement, and the insufficiencies and inefficiencies of the underfunded, post-Napoleonic Wars British Army, and of the Militia, Yeomanry, and Volunteer Force, led to the Cardwell and Childers Reforms of the late nineteenth century, which gave the British Army its modern form, and redefined its regimental system. The Haldane Reforms of 1907, officially created the Territorial Force as the Army s voluntary modesty constituent. Great Britain s laterality of the universe had been challenged by legion other powers, notably Germany. The UK was allied with France ( by the Entente Cordiale ) and Russia, and when the First World War broke out in 1914, the British Army sent the British Expeditionary Force to France and Belgium to forestall Germany from busying these states. The War would be the most annihilating in British military history, with close 800,000 work forces killed and over 2 million wounded. In the early portion of the war, the professional force of the BEF was decimated and, by bends, a voluntary ( and so conscripted ) force replaced it. Major conflicts included the Battle of the Somme. Progresss in engineering saw coming of the armored combat vehicle, with the creative activity of the Royal Tank Regiment, and progresss in aircraft design, with the creative activity of the Royal Flying Corps, which were to be decisive in future conflicts. Trench warfare dominated scheme on the Western Front, and the usage of chemical and toxicant gases added to the desolation. The Second Battle of El Alamein reversed German aspirations in North Africa, and is frequently cited as one of the turning points of the Second World War. The Second World War broke out in 1939 with the German invasion of Poland. British confidences to the Polish led the British Empire to declare war on Germany. Again an Expeditionary Force was sent to France, merely to be hurriedly evacuated as the German forces swept through the Low Countries and across France in 1940. Merely the Dunkirk emptying saved the full Expeditionary Force from gaining control. Later, nevertheless, the British would hold dramatic success get the better ofing the Italians and Germans at the Battle of El Alamein in North Africa, and in the D-Day invasion of Normandy with the aid of American, Canadian, Australian and New Zealand forces. Contrary to popular ( Hollywood influenced ) belief, over half of the Allied soldiers on D-day were British. In the Far East, the British ground forces battled the Japanese in Burma. World War II saw the British ground forces develop its Commando units, the Parachute Regiment and the Special Air Service ( SAS ) . During the war the British ground forces was one of the major combat forces on the allied side. After the terminal of World War II, the British Army was significantly reduced in size, although National Service continued until 1960. This period besides saw the procedure of Decolonization commence with the terminal of the British Raj, and the independency of other settlements in Africa and Asia. Consequently the ground forces s strength was further reduced, in acknowledgment of Britain s decreased function in universe personal businesss, outlined in the 1957 Defence White Paper. This was despite major actions in Korea in 1950 and Suez in 1956. A big force of British military personnels besides remained in Germany, confronting the menace of Soviet invasion. The Cold War saw important technological progresss in warfare, the Army saw more technologically advanced arms systems come into service. Soldiers from the Parachute Regiment guard Argentine captives of war during the Falklands War. Despite the diminution of the British Empire, the Army was still deployed around the universe, contending colonial wars in Aden, Cyprus, Kenya and Malaya. In 1982 the British Army, alongside the Royal Marines, helped to recapture the Falkland Islands during the war against Argentina. In the three decennaries following 1969, the Army was to a great extent deployed in Northern Ireland, to back up the Royal Ulster Constabulary ( subsequently the Police Service of Northern Ireland ) in their struggle with stalwart and republican paramilitary groups, called Operation Banner. The locally-recruited Ulster Defence Regiment was formed, later going the Royal Irish Regiment in 1992. Over 700 soldiers were killed during the Troubles. Following the IRA ceasefires between 1994 and 1996 and since 1997, demilitarization has taken topographic point as portion of the peace procedure, cut downing the military presence from 30,000 to 5,000 military personnels. On 25 June 2007, the Second Battalion Princess of Wales s Royal Regiment vacated the Army composite at Bessbrook Mill in Armagh. This is portion of the normalisation programme in Northern Ireland in response to the IRA s declared terminal to its activities. 3. Recent and current struggles Gulf War The stoping of the Cold War saw a 40 % cut in work force, as outlined in the Options for Change reappraisal. Despite this, the Army has been deployed in an progressively planetary function. In 1991, the United Kingdom was the 2nd largest subscriber to the alliance force that fought Iraq in the Gulf War. The state supplied merely under 50,000 forces and was put in control of Kuwait after it was liberated. 47 British Military forces died during the Gulf War. Balkan mountainss struggles The British Army was deployed to Yugoslavia in 1992. Initially this force formed portion of the United Nations Protection Force. In 1995 bid was transferred to IFOR and so to SFOR. Currently military personnels are under the bid of EUFOR. Over 10,000 military personnels were sent. In 1999 British forces under the bid of SFOR were sent to Kosovo during the struggle at that place. Command was later transferred to KFOR. From 1993 # 8211 ; Present 72 British Military Forces have died on operations in the former Yugoslavian Countries of Bosnia, Kosovo A ; Macedonia. Afghanistan In 2001 the United Kingdom, as a portion of Operation Enduring Freedom with the United States, invaded Afghanistan to tumble the Taliban. The 3rd Division Signal Regiment was deployed in Kabul, to help in the release of the troubled capital. The Royal Marines 3 Commando Brigade ( portion of the Royal Navy but including a figure of Army units ) , besides swept the mountains. The British Army is today concentrating on contending Taliban forces and conveying security to Helmand state. Approximately 9,000 British military personnels ( including Mariness, aviators and crewmans ) are presently in Afghanistan, doing it the 2nd largest force after the US. Around 500 excess British military personnels were deployed in 2009, conveying the British Army deployment sum up to 9,500 ( excepting Special Forces ) . From 2001 23rd Jan 2010 a sum of 250 British military forces have died on operations chiefly in Helmand Province. 37 of these have died of causes other so direct contact from insurrectio nists ; in such ways as accidents or unwellness. Iraq War In 2003, the United Kingdom was a major subscriber to the United States-led invasion of Iraq. There was major dissension amongst the domestic public but the House of Commons voted for the struggle, directing 46,000 army forces to the part, the 2nd largest force after the US. The British Army controlled the southern parts of Iraq and maintained a peace maintaining presence in the metropolis of Basra until their backdown on April 30, 2009. 179 British Military personnal have died on operations in Iraq. Northern Ireland The British Army was ab initio deployed in Northern Ireland in the aftermath of Catholic rioting in Derry and Belfast and to forestall Protestant Loyalist onslaughts on Catholic communities, under Operation Banner between 1969 and 2007 in support of the Royal Ulster Constabulary ( RUC ) and its replacement, the Police Service of Northern Ireland ( PSNI ) . There has been a steady decrease in the figure of military personnels deployed in Northern Ireland since the Good Friday Agreement was signed in 1998. In 2005, after the Provisional Irish Republican Army announced an terminal to its armed struggle in Northern Ireland, the British Army dismantled stations and withdrew many military personnels, and restored troop degrees to that of a peace-time fort. Operation Banner ended at midnight on 31 July 2007, doing it the longest uninterrupted deployment in the British Army s history, enduring some 38 old ages. An internal British Army papers released in 2007 stated that the British Army had failed to get the better of the IRA but had made it impossible for them to win through the usage of force. Operation Helvetica replaced Operation Banner in 2007 keeping fewer military mans in a much more benign environment. From 1971 to 1997 a sum of 763 British Military forces were killed during the problems ; 129 were killed in the twelvemonth 1972 alone. A sum of 303 RUC officers were killed in the same clip period. Most late, in March 2009, 2 soldiers and a Police Officer were killed in separate incidents in N. Ireland. 4. Tommy Atkins and other monikers A long established moniker for a British soldier has been Tommy Atkins or Tommy for short. The beginnings are vague but most likely derive from a specimen ground forces signifier circulated by the Adjutant-General Sir Harry Calvert to all units in 1815 where the spaces had been filled in with the specifics of a Private Thomas Atkins, No 6 Company, 23rd Regiment of Foot. German soldiers in both World Wars would normally mention to their British oppositions as Tommy # 8217 ; s. Present- twenty-four hours British soldiers are frequently referred to as Toms or merely Tom. The British Army magazine Soldier has a regular sketch strip, Tom, having the mundane life of a British soldier. Outside of the services, soldiers are by and large known as squaddies by the British popular imperativeness, and the general public.Another moniker which applies merely to soldiers in Scots regiments is Jocks, derived from the fact that in Scotland the common Christian name John is frequently changed to Jock in the slang. Cambrian soldiers are on occasion referred to as Taffy or merely Taff. This may merely use to those from the Taff-Ely Valley in South Wales, where a big part of work forces, left unemployed from the diminution of the coal industry in the country, enlisted during WW I and WW II. Alternatively, it is derived from the supposed Welsh pronounciation of Dafydd the common signifier of Dave or Davey, the frequenter Saint of Wales being Saint David. Irish soldiers are referred to as Paddys or Micks ; this from the yearss when many Irish recruits had the name Patrick or Michael. Junior officers in the ground forces are sometimes known as Prince ruperts by the Other ranks. This moniker is believed to be derived from the kids s amusing book character Rupert Bear who epitomizes traditional public school values. The term Pongo, as in where the ground forces goes, the niff goes , or Perce is frequently used by Sailors and Royal Marines to mention to soldiers. It is non considered complimentary. 5. Today # 8217 ; s Army Statisticss British Army statistics Forces ( Regular Army ) 114,260 ( of which 101,190 are trained ) Forces ( Territorial Army ) 35,500 Main Battle Tanks 446 Challenger 2 Light Tanks 325 FV107 Scimitar Infantry contending vehicles 789 Warrior. 305 Tempest MPV Armored personnel carriers and CVR ( T ) s 3,230 # 8211 ; 4,000+ Land Rover Wolf 15,000 Pinzgauer 2,000 Utility Trucks 2,300 Artillery pieces and howitzers 2,896 Air Defence 337 Aircraft 300+ Current deployments High strength operations State Dates Deployments Detailss Afghanistan 2001- 10,000 military personnels British military personnels have been based in Afghanistan since the US-led invasion at that place in 2001. Presently, under Operation Herrick, the Army maintains military personnels in Camp Souter, Kabul and a brigade on 6-monthly rotary motion in the southern state of Helmand, largely based in Camp Bastion and frontward runing bases. In late 2009, the occupant brigade is 11 Brigade. This brigade has antecedently served Tourss in Afghanistan. In 2009, Secretary of State for Defence Bob Ainsworth announced British troop Numberss in Afghanistan to increase by 500 to a new high of more than 9,500 by late 2009. Low strength operations State Dates Deployments Detailss Cyprus 1960- Two resident foot battalions, Royal Engineers, 16 Flight Army Air Corps and Joint Service Signals Unit at Ayios Nikolaos as a portion of British Forces Cyprus. The UK retains two Sovereign Base Areas in Cyprus after the island s independency. The bases serve as forward bases for deployments in the Middle East. British forces are besides deployed individually with UN peacekeeping forces on the island. Principal installations are Alexander Barracks at Dhekelia and Salamanca Barracks at Episkopi. Falkland Islands 1982- An foot company group and an Engineer Squadron. Previously a platoon-sized Royal Marines Naval Party acted as the military presence. After 1982 the fort was enlarged and bolstered with an RAF base at Mount Pleasant on East Falkland. Calpe 1704-1991 One foot battalion, Joint Provost and Security Unit as a portion of British Forces Gibraltar. British Army fort is provided by an autochthonal regiment, the Royal Gibraltar Regiment, which has been on the Army regular constitution since the last British battalion left in 1991. Rest of the Middle East 1990- 3,700 military personnels Since the Gulf War in 1991, the UK has had a considerable military presence in the Middle East. Besides Iraq, there are besides an extra 3,500 military personnels in Saudi Arabia and Camp Beuhring, Kuwait, every bit good as regular preparation Exercises in Oman. Sierra Leone 1999- About 1,000 military personnels The British Army were deployed to Sierra Leone, a former British settlement on Operation Palliser in 1999 to help the authorities in squelching violent rebellions by militiamen, under United Nations declarations. Troops ( Royal Marines ) remain in the part to supply military support and preparation to the Sierra Leonean authorities. Pakistan 2009-2012 24 teachers 24 teachers from the British Army along with 6 American Army forces will be developing Pakistan # 8217 ; s paramilitary Frontier Corps over a period of 3 old ages lt ; Br / gt ; Permanent abroad posters State Dates Deployments Detailss Belize 1940s- British Army Training and Support Unit Belize and 25 Flight Army Air Corps British military personnels have been based in Belize from around late 1940s until 1994. Belize s neighbor, Guatemala claimed the district and there were legion boundary line differences. At the petition of the Belizean authorities, British military personnels remained in Belize after independency in 1981 to supply a defense mechanism force. Brunei 1962- One battalion from the Royal Gurkha Rifles, British Garrison, Training Team Brunei ( TTB ) and 7 Flight Army Air Corps A Gurkha battalion has been maintained in Brunei since the Brunei Revolt in 1962 at the petition of Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddin III. The Training Team Brunei ( TTB ) is the Army s jungle warfare school, while the little figure of fort military personnels support the battalion. 7 Flight Army Air Corps provides chopper support to both the Gurkha battalion and the TTB. Canada 1972- British Army Training Unit Suffield and 29 ( BATUS ) Flight Army Air Corps A preparation Centre in the Alberta prairie which is provided for the usage of British Army and Canadian Forces under understanding with the authorities of Canada. British forces conduct regular, major armoured preparation exercisings here every twelvemonth, with chopper support provided by 29 ( BATUS ) Flight AAC. Germany 1945 1st ( UK ) Armoured Division as portion of British Forces Germany British forces remained in Germany after the terminal of World War II. Forces declined well after the terminal of the Cold War, although the deficiency of adjustment in the UK means forces will go on to be based in Germany. Kenya 2010- British Army Training Unit Kenya The Army has a preparation Centre in Kenya, under understanding with the Kenyan authorities. It provides preparation installations for three foot battalions per twelvemonth. 6. Equipment The basic foot arms of the British Army are the SA80 assault rifle household, with several discrepancies such as the L86A2, the Light Support Weapon ( LSW ) and the short stock discrepancy, issued to tank crews. No sidearm is issued to infantry soldiers. However, some officers and snipers are issued with a sidearm, by and large the Browning L9A1 or the Sig Sauer P226 or the Colt 1911, though a hunt is presently afoot to happen a replacing. Support fire is provided by the FN Minimi light machine gun and the L7 General Purpose Machine Gun ( GPMG ) ; indirect fire by 51 and 81 millimeter howitzers, every bit good as the UGL, mounted under the barrel of the SA80 rifle. Sniper rifles used include the L96A1 7.62 millimeter, the L115A1 and the AW50F, all produced by Accuracy International. Some units use the L82A1.50 quality Barrett sniper rifle. More late the L128A1 ( Benelli M4 ) combat scattergun has been adopted, and is intended for close quarters combat in Afghanistan. The British Army s Armoured vehicles include Supacat Jackal MWMIK and the Iveco Panther CLV. The Challenger 2 is its chief conflict armored combat vehicle. The Warrior Infantry Fighting Vehicle is the primary armored forces bearer, although many discrepancies of the Combat Vehicle Reconnaissance ( tracked ) are used, every bit good as the Saxon APC and FV430 series now being re-engined and uparmoured and returned to look line service as Bulldog. The British Army commonly uses the Land Rover Wolf and Land Rover Defender. The Army uses three chief heavy weapon systems ; the MLRS, AS90 and L118. The MLRS ( Multi Launch Rocket System ) was foremost used operationally in Operation Granby and has a scope of 70 kilometer. The AS-90 is a one hundred fifty-five millimeter automotive gun. The L118 Light Gun is a 105 millimeter towed gun used chiefly in support of 16 Air Assault Brigade, 19 Light Brigade and 3 Commando Brigade ( Royal Marines ) . The Rapier FSC Missile System is the Army s primary battleground air defense mechanism system, widely deployed since the Falklands War ; and the Starstreak HVM ( High Velocity Missile ) is a surface-to-air arm, launched either by a individual soldier or from a vehicle-mounted launcher. The Starstreak fills a similar function to the American FIM-92 Stinger The Army Air Corps ( AAC ) provide direct air power support for the Army, although the RAF besides assist in this function. The primary onslaught chopper is the Westland WAH-64 Apache ; a license-built, modified version of the AH-64 Apache that will replace the Westland Lynx AH7 in the anti-tank function. The Westland Lynx performs several functions including tactical conveyance, armed bodyguard, reconnaissance and emptying. It was besides used in the anti-armour function ; it could transport eight TOW anti-tank missiles. The TOW missile system for the Lynx was withdrawn from service by the MOD in December 2005. The Bell 212 is used as a specialist public-service corporation and conveyance chopper, with a crew of two and a conveyance capacity of 12 military personnels. The Westland Gazelle chopper is a light chopper, chiefly used for battlefield reconnaissance and control of heavy weapon and aircraft. The Eurocopter AS 365N Dauphin is used for Particular Operations Aviation, along with the Gazelle. The Britten-Norman Islander is a light aircraft used for airborne reconnaissance and bid. 7. Formation and construction The construction of the British Army is complex, due to the different beginnings of its assorted component parts. It is loosely split into the Regular Army ( full-time soldiers and units ) and the Territorial Army ( parttime soldiers and units ) . In footings of its military construction, it has two parallel administrations, one administrative and one operational. Administrative -Divisions administering all military units, both Regular and TA, within a geographical country ( e.g. , 5 Div. based in Shrewsbury ) . -Brigade in a non contending capacity ( e.g. , 43 ( Wessex ) Brigade based in Bulford ) . Operational The major operational bid is Headquarters Land Forces ( integrating Land Command and Headquarters Adjutant General ) . Corps made up of two or more divisions ( now unlikely to be deployed as a purely national formation due to the size of the British Army ) ; e.g. , the ARRC. -Division made up of two or three brigades with an HQ component and support military personnels. Commanded by a Major-General. -Brigade made up of between three and five battalions, an HQ component and associated support military personnels. Commanded by a Brigadier. -Battalion of about 700 soldiers, made up of five companies commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel, or -Battlegroup. This is a assorted formation of armor, foot, heavy weapon, applied scientists and back up units, and its construction is task specific. It is formed around the nucleus of either an armored regiment or foot battalion, and has other units added or removed from it as necessary. A battlegroup will typically dwell of between 600 and 700 soldiers under the bid of a Lieutenant Colonel. -Company of about 100 soldiers, typically in three platoons, commanded by a Major. -Platoon of about 30 soldiers, commanded by a Second Lieutenant, Lieutenant or, for specialist platoons such as recco or anti-tank, a Captain. -Section of approximately 8 to 10 soldiers, commanded by a Corporal. A figure of elements of the British Army usage option footings for battalion, company and platoon. These include the Royal Armoured Corps, Corps of Royal Engineers, Royal Logistic Corps, and the Royal Corps of Signals who use regiment ( battalion ) , squadron ( company ) and troop ( platoon ) . The Royal Artillery are alone in utilizing the term regiment in topographic point of both corps and battalion, they besides replace company with battery and platoon with troop. Divisions The British Army presently has 6 divisions with two ( 1st Armoured Division and 3rd Infantry Division ) being deployable. Name Headquarterss Fractional monetary units 1st Armoured Division Herford, Germany 3 Armoured or Mechanised Brigades. 2nd Infantry Division Craigiehall, near Edinburgh Four regional brigades. 3rd Infantry Division Bulford, Salisbury Two mechanised brigades, one visible radiation brigade and one foot brigade. 4th Infantry Division Aldershot Three regional brigades. 5th Infantry Division Shrewsbury Three regional brigades, one air assault brigade and Colchester Garrison. 6th Infantry Division York Deployable divisional HQ. Created to back up the UK s rotational bid of HQ Regional Command South. Aviation constituents The British Army operates alongside the Royal Air Force as portion of a Joint Force, but the ground forces besides has its ain Army Air Corps. 8. Particular forces The British Army contributes two of the three particular forces formations within the United Kingdom Special Forces Command ; the Special Air Service Regiment and the Particular Reconnaissance Regiment. The most celebrated formation is the Special Air Service Regiment. Formed in 1941, the SAS is considered the function theoretical account for many other particular forces units in the universe. The SAS comprises one regular Regiment and two Territorial Army Regiments. The regular Regiment, 22 SAS, has its central offices and terminal located in Hereford and consists of five squadrons: A, B, D, G and Reserve with a preparation wing. The regiment has battlespace functions in deep reconnaissance, mark designation and indicant and mark devastation and denial. The two modesty SAS Regiments ; 21 SAS and 23 SAS have a more limited function, to supply deepness to the UKSF group through the proviso of Individual and corporate augmentation to the regular constituent of UKSF and standalone elements up to task group ( Regimental ) degree focused on support and influence ( S A ; I ) operations to help conflict stabilization. The Particular Reconnaissance Regiment ( SRR ) which was formed in 2005, from bing assets, undertakes near reconnaissance and particular surveillance, undertakings. Formed around 1st Battalion the Parachute Regiment, with affiliated Royal Marines and RAF Regiment assets, the Particular Forces Support Group are under the Operational Control of Director Special Forces to supply operational tactic support to the elements of United Kingdom Special Forces. 9. Recruitment The Army chiefly recruits within the United Kingdom, it usually has a recruitment mark of around 25,000 soldiers per twelvemonth. Low unemployment in Britain has resulted in the Army holding trouble in run intoing its mark, in the early old ages of the twenty-first century there has been a pronounced addition in the figure of recruits from other ( largely Commonwealth ) states. In 2008 Commonwealth beginning voluntaries comprised about 6.7 % of the Army s entire strength. In entire 6,600 foreign soldiers from 42 states were represented in the Army, non including Gurkhas. After the Gurkhas ( who are from Nepal ) , the state with most citizens in the British Army is Fiji, with 2,185, followed by Jamaica and Ghana with 600 each ; many soldiers besides come from more comfortable states such as New Zealand, South Africa and the Republic of Ireland. The Ministry of Defence now caps the figure of recruits from Commonwealth states, although this will non impact the Gurkhas. If the tendency continues 10 % of the ground forces will be from Commonwealth states before 2012. The cap is in topographic point as some fear the ground forces s British character is being diluted, and using excessively many could do the ground forces seen as using soldier of fortunes. The minimal enlisting age is 16 old ages ( after the terminal of GCSEs ) , although soldiers may non function on operations below 18 old ages ; the maximal recruitment age was raised in January 2007 from 26 to 33 old ages. The normal term of battle is 22 old ages, and, one time enlisted, soldiers are non usually permitted to go forth until they have served at least 4 old ages. There has been a strong and go oning tradition of enrolling from Ireland including what is now the Republic of Ireland. Almost 150,000 Irish soldiers fought in the First World War ; 49,000 died. More than 60,000 Irishmans, more than from Northern Ireland, besides saw action in the Second World War ; like their compatriots in the Great War, all were voluntaries. There were more than 400 work forces functioning from the Republic in 2003. 10. Curse of commitment All soldiers must take an curse of commitment upon fall ining the Army, a procedure known as attestation. Those who believe in God use the undermentioned words: I ( your name ) , swear by Almighty God that I will be faithful and bear true commitment to Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II, her inheritors and replacements and that I will every bit in responsibility edge candidly and dependably support Her Majesty, her inheritors and replacements in individual, Crown and self-respect against all enemies and will detect and obey all orders of Her Majesty, her inheritors and replacements and of the generals and officers set over me. Others replace the words swear by Almighty God with solemnly, unfeignedly and genuinely declare and affirm . 11. Training constitutions -Royal Military Academy Sandhurst ( RMAS ) is the officer preparation constitution. All officers, regular and modesty, go to RMAS at some point in their preparation. -Army Training Regiments: -ATR Bassingbourn -ATR Winchester -ATC Pirbright -Infantry Training Centres: -ITC Catterick -Infantry Battle School, Brecon -Support Weapons School, Warminster -Army Foundation College ( Harrogate ) -Regional preparation Centres -Welbeck Defence Sixth Form College 12. Flags and ensigns he non-ceremonial flag of the British Army. Sometimes the word Army in gold letters appears below the badge.The British Army does non hold its ain specific ensign, unlike the Royal Navy, which uses the White Ensign, and the RAF, which uses the Royal Air Force Ensign. Alternatively, the Army has different flags and ensigns, for the full ground forces and the different regiments and corps. The official flag of the Army as a whole is the Union Flag, flown in a ratio of 3:5. A non-ceremonial flag besides exists, which is used at enrolling events, military events and exhibitions. It besides flies from the MOD edifice in Whitehall. Whilst at war, the Union Flag is ever used, and this flag represents the Army on the Cenotaph in Whitehall, London ( the UK s memorial to its war dead ) . A British Army ensign besides exists for vass commanded by a commissioned officer, the Blue Ensign defaced with the Army badge. Army Vessels are operated by the Maritime component of the Royal Logistic Corps. Each Foot Guards and line regiment ( which does non include The Rifles and Royal Gurkha Rifles ( RGR ) ) besides has its ain flags, known as Colours # 8212 ; usually a Regimental Colour and a Queen s Colour. The design of different Regimental Colours. vary but typically the coloring material has the Regiment s badge in the Centre. The RGR carry the Queen s Truncheon in topographic point of Colours. 13. Ranks, specialisms and insignia NATO Code OF-10 OF-9 OF-8 OF-7 OF-6 OF-5 OF-4 OF-3 OF-2 OF-1 OF ( D ) Student Officer United Kingdom Field Marshal1 General Lieutenant General Major General Brigadier Colonels Lieutenant Colonel Major Captain Lieutenant Second Lieutenant No Equivalent Officer Cadet Abbreviation Frequency modulation Gen Lt Gen Maj Gen Brig Col Lt Col Maj Capt Lt 2nd Lt 1Now an honorary or wartime rank merely. NATO Code OR-9 OR-8 OR-7 OR-6 OR-5 OR-4 OR-3 OR-2 OR-1 United Kingdom Warrant Officer Class One ( Conductor ) Warrant Officer Class One Warrant Officer Class Two ( Quartermaster Sergeant ) Warrant Officer Class Two ( Sergeant Major ) Staff Sergeant/ Colour Sergeant Sergeant No Equivalent Corporal/ Bombardier Lance-Corporal/ Lance-Bombardier No Insignia Private/regimental equivalent Every regiment and corps has its ain typical insignia, such as cap badge, beret, tactical acknowledgment flash and stable belt. Throughout the ground forces there are many official specialisms. They do non impact rank, but they do affect pay sets. Band 2 Specialisms: Band 3 Specialisms: Musician Survey Technician Farrier Lab Technician Driver Tank Transporter Registered General Nurse Radar Operator Telecom Op ( Special ) Meteorologist Aircraft Technician Bomb Disposal Engineer SAS Trooper Telecom Op ( Linguist ) Ammunition Technician ( Bomb Disposal ) Operator Particular Intelligence Construction Materials Technician Driver Specialist Armoured Engineer 14. Royal Navy and RAF land units The other armed services have their ain foot units which are non portion of the British Army. The Royal Marines are amphibian light foot organizing portion of the Naval Service, and the Royal Air Force has the RAF Regiment used for airfield defense mechanism, force protection responsibilities and Forward Air Control. 15. Abroad Territories military units Numerous military units were raised historically in British districts, including self-governing and Crown settlements, and associated states. Few of these have appeared on the Army List, and their relationship to the British Army has been equivocal. Whereas Dominions, such as Canada and Australia, raised their ain ground forcess, the defense mechanism of Crown ownerships ( like the Channel Islands ) , and settlements ( now called Overseas Territories ) was, and is, the duty of the UK ( due to their position as districts of Britain, non British associated states ) . All military forces of abroad districts are, hence, under the direct bid of the UK Government, via the local Governor and Commander-In-Chief. Many of the units in settlements, or former settlements, were besides really formed at the behest of the UK Government as it sought to cut down the deployment of the British Army on garrison responsibilities around the universe at the latter terminal of the nineteenth century. Today, three abroad districts retain locally-raised military units, Bermuda, Gibraltar, and the Falkland Islands. The units are patterned on the British Army, are capable to reexamine by the Ministry of Defence, and are finally under the control of the British authorities, non the local authoritiess of the districts ( though daily control may be delegated to Curates of the territorial authoritiess ) . Despite this, the units may hold no tasking or support from the MOD, and are by and large raised under Acts of the Apostless of the territorial assemblies. -Bermuda Regiment -Royal Gibraltar Regiment -Falkland Islands Defence Force 16. Decision The British Army was formed in 1707 with the fusion of England and Scotland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain. Throughout history it has seen action in about every corner of the Earth, and employs soldiers from many different countries of the commonwealth including Australia, India, Ghana, South Africa, the Republic of Ireland and the celebrated Nepalese Gurkhas. There are about 100,000 regular forces and 26,000 territorial ground forces soldiers presently deployed as portion of the British Expeditionary Force and as United Nations peacekeepers in many states worldwide, including Cyprus, Iraq, Afghanistan, the Balkans and Germany. The British Army has ever been at the cutting border of military engineering, and presently uses some of the most hi-tech and effectual equipment available including state-of-the-art Challenger 2 conflict armored combat vehicles, WAH-64D Apache gunship choppers and the much improved SA80A2 Rifle. 17. Bibliography 1. Charles Heyman, Armed Forces of the United Kingdom . 2. ED Griffin, Encyclopedia Modern British Army Regime 3. Carver, M. , The Seven Ages of the British Army 4. General H. Landlois, The British Army in a European war