Analysis of Robert Frost and Mending Wall

Analysis of Robert Frost and Mending Wall Robert Frost was born Robert Lee Frost in San Francisco, California to Isabelle Moodie and William Prescott Frost Jr. After his father died, his mother moved them to Salem, New Hampshire. Frosts childhood was filled with literature- his mother read Shakespeare, Bible stories, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and other poets and writers aloud to him. Before long he was memorizing poetry and reading books on his own. Frosts high school years were spent in Lawrence, Massachusetts. During high school, Frost became a writer: his poem La Noche Triste, appeared in the high school newspaper. At the beginning of his senior year he fell in love with Elinor White, who had also published poetry in the school newspaper. After graduation and before the summer ended, they pledged themselves to each other in a secret ritual. That fall, Elinor went to St. Lawrence University in Canton, New York, and Frost attended Dartmouth on a scholarship. College life proved to not be for him. Isolated and restless, he quit at the end of December. He hoped that when Elinor came home in April that he could persuade her to drop out as well and marry him, but his efforts proved fruitless and she returned to college. Frost began working as a lamp trimmer in a factory in Lawrence, but quit after a few months to teach and write poetry. At the end of the term, good news greeted him: the New York Independent had accepted My Butterfly: An Elegy, with a stipend of $15. This was Frosts first published poem. After this victory, he once again implored Elinor to marry him, and once again she refused. Eventually, however, she said yes and on December 19, 1895, they were married. Nine months later their son Elliot was born. They both kept working as teachers, and Frost kept publishing poems. In the fall of 1897, thanks to his grandfathers loan, Frost, at age twenty-three, entered Harvard in the hope of becoming a high school teacher of Latin and Greek. In March 1899, however, severe chest and stomach pains combined with worries about his ailing mother and pregnant wife forced him to leave Harvard. Frost gave up teaching and rented a poultry farm in Methuen. Two months later, Elliot, now three years old, fell ill with cholera and died. Frost never forgave himself for not having summoned a doctor in time, believing that God was punishing him. Elinor was devastated, but had to continue to care for their year old daughter, Lesley. Afterward, they moved to Derry, New Hampshire. In the fall of 1911 he was teaching again in Plymouth, New Hampshire. In July 1912, he started making plans for a radical change of scene. He suggested to Elinor that they move to England, and she enthusiastically agreed. On 2 September 1912, the Frosts arrived in London. Before long he was finishing the manuscript of A Boys Will. In October the book was accepted for publication. By April 1913, most of the poems that would constitute North of Boston had been written. In May 1915, North of Boston appeared, to be hailed in June by important reviews. By August, Frosts reputation as a leading poet had been firmly established in England, and Henry Holt of New York had agreed to publish his books in America. By the end of 1914, however, financial need forced him to leave Britain. When Frost and his family returned to the United States in February 1915, he was hailed as a leading voice of the new poetry movement.ÂÂ   In the following year he was made Phi Beta Kappa poet at Harvard and elected to the National Institute of Arts and Letters. Mountain Interval, which appeared in November 1916, offered readers some of his finest poems, such as Birches, Out, Out, The Hill Wife, and An Old Mans Winter Night. Frosts move to Amherst in 1917 launched him on the twofold career he would lead for the rest of his life: teaching whatever subjects he pleased at a congenial college (Amherst, 1917-1963, with interruptions; the University of Michigan, 1921-1923, 1925-1926; Harvard, 1939-1943; Dartmouth, 1943-1949)In 1930 Frost won a second Pulitzer Prize for Collected Poemsthe first had been won by New Hampshireand in the next few years, other prizes and honors, including the Charles Eliot Norton Professorship of Poetry at Harvard. on 26 March 1938, Elinor died and his world collapsed. Four years before, in the wake of their daughter Marjories death, they had helped each other bear the grief. Alone now, wracked in misery and guilty over his sometimes insensitive behavior toward Elinor, he hoped to find calm through his children, but Lesleys ragings only deepened his pain. For some time he continued to teach, then resigned his position, sold his Amherst house, and returned to his farm. In July Theodo re Morrison invited him to speak at the Breadloaf Writers Conference in August. Frosts lectures enthralled his listeners, but at times his erratic public behavior drew worried attention. To the great relief of his friends, Kathleen Morrison, the directors wife, stepped in to offer him help with his affairs. He accepted at once and made her his official secretary-manager. Weeks before, however, Kathleen had called at his farm to invite him to visit her at a nearby summer house. Before long he proposed marriage, but she insisted on secrecy, on maintaining appearances During the 1940s Frost published four new books: A Witness Tree (1942), inscribed To K.M./For Her Part in It, containing some of his finest poems. None but his intimates knew of the decades griefs: his son Carols suicide in 1940, his daughter Irmas placement in a mental hospital in 1947. In the last fourteen years of his life Frost was the most highly esteemed American poet of the twentieth century, having received forty-four honorary degrees and a host of government tributes, including birthday greetings from the Senate, a congressional medal, an appointment as honorary consultant to the Library of Congress, and an invitation from John F. Kennedy to recite a poem at his presidential inauguration. Thrice, at the State Departments request, he traveled on good-will missions: to Brazil (1954), to Britain (1957), and to Greece (1961, on his return from Israel, where he had lectured at the Hebrew University). In the Clearing, Frosts ninth and last collection of poems, appeared on 26 March 1962. On 2 December at the Ford Forum Hall in Boston Frost made his last address and, though admitting he felt a bit tired, he stayed the evening through. In the morning he felt much too ill to keep his doctors appointment. After considerable wrangling, he agreed to enter a hospital for observation and tests. He remained in its care until his death in the early hours of 29 January 1963. Tributes poured in from all over the land and from abroad. A small private service on the 31st at Harvards Memorial Church for family members and friends was followed by a public one on 17 February at the Amherst College Chapel, where 700 guests listened to Mark Van Dorens recital of eleven Frost poems he had chosen for the occasion. Eight months later, at the October dedication of the Robert Frost Library at Amherst, President Kennedy paid tribute to the poetry, to its tide that lifts all spirits, and to the poet whose s ense of the human tragedy fortified him against self-deception and easy consolation. Poem: Plea for tearing down barriers that keep us apart The fact that the narrator continues to help build the wall despite his abhorrence of it suggests the weakness of people in their convictions. Even though people want to change, many times they never have to courage to go against what others say. We create these barriers between us to keep the unknown out because deep down it scares us It is not the natural way to be- nature continuously tries to tear down the wall- even the rounded stones didnt want to support each other and keep the wall up. Sources: Meyer, Bruce. Critical Essay on Mending Wall. Poetry for Students, edited by Mary Ruby, vol. 5, Gale, 1999. Literature Resource Center, libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRCsw=wu=mlin_n_bishopv=2.1id=GALE%7CH1420042989it=rasid=249423e618b8705c63388bc86683d232. Accessed 14 Mar. 2017. Frost, Robert (Lee). Merriam Websters Encyclopedia of Literature, Merriam-Webster, 1995. Literature Resource Center, libraries.state.ma.us/login?gwurl=http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?p=LitRCsw=wu=mlin_n_bishopv=2.1id=GALE%7CRN1480003591it=rasid=337b87a12c96fb85f72f64f7ad0fafc5. Accessed 14 Mar. 2017. DeFusco, Andrea , Bruno Leone, and Bonnie Szumski, eds. Readings on Robert Frost. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Print. Squires, Radcliffe. The Major Themes of Robert Frost. N.p.: The U of Michigan Press, 1963. Print.

The Inequalities In UK Mental Health

The Inequalities In UK Mental Health Introduction and definitions: The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined the mental health as: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½A state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to his or her communityà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (1). According to NHS website every year in the UK, more than 250,000 people are admitted to psychiatric hospitals and over 4,000 people commit suicide (2). Mental health inequality is a long standing problem that has been tackled for decades by epidemiologists, sociologists and health professionals. And because this problem has both strong social and medical aspect there is no unified approach to identification and resolution. From Sociologists viewpoint inequality with mental health is a problem that has two main explanations: people are poor because they have mentally illness that makes them unable to keep work probably (social selection), or they become mentally ill under the stress of being poor (social causation). However, in modern psychiatry other factors are believed to involve in the etiology such as genetic factors, diet, and hormonal disturbance which interact with personality disorders or emotional state to produce mental illness. The problem of inequality is not only about the present of a true mental illness but it is possible to expand the definition of mental health inequality to include everyday feelings which is considered by United Kingdom Department of Health to be a public health indicator: How people feel is not an elusive or abstract concept, but a significant public health indicator; as significant as rates of smoking, obesity and physical activity (3) The table below gives examples of those factors that promote or reduce opportunities for sound mental health (4): PROTECTIVE FACTORS INTERNAL EXTERNAL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Good physical health à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ High self esteem à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Learning ability à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Good conflict management à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ early and positive bonding and attachment experience à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ make relationships and ability to maintain or break them à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ acceptance feeling à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ good communication skills à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Availability of the basic needs such as shelter and food, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ validation by the community à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ support from surrounding social network à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ present of role models à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ job security à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ good education level à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ feeling secure à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ political stability VULNERABILITY FACTORS INTERNAL EXTERNAL à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ congenital diseases or disability à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ low self-esteem or social status à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ sexuality problems à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ relationships problems à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ feeling of isolation à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ institutionalisation à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ lack of essential needs food , heat , housing .. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ loss and separation experience à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ violence or abuse experience à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ substance abuse à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ psychiatric disorder runs in family à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ discrimination à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ unemployment peer pressure à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ pressure from value systems à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ poverty Table 1: factors that affect good mental health What is the evidence on mental health inequalities? Socio-economic status: Many Community-based epidemiological studies showed an inverse relationship between Socio-economic status and rates of schizophrenia. Saraceno found that the current prevalence (calculated up to one-year prevalence) of the schizophrenia among low-SES is higher than people of high-SES with a ratio of 3.4, and when calculated to lifetime prevalence it is 2.4à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (5), and in Britain, suicides rates among people from lower SES nearly double that of high-SES (6). There are five hypotheses to explain this relation (7)(8): 1: Economic stress. The mental illness is a speci?c outcome of the stress related to economic problems, such as unemployment, poverty, and housing unaffordability. 2: Family fragmentation. The inverse SESà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mental illness correlation is a function of the fragmentation of family structure and lack of family supports. 3: Geographic drift. Individuals movement from communities of subsequent to their initial hospitalization leads to inverse SESà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mental illness correlation (8). 4: Socioeconomic drift. Low employment rate related to initial hospitalization of lower SES communities. 5: Intergenerational drift. Can be explained as following à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½The inverse SESà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½mental illness correlation is a function of declines in community SES levels of hospitalized adolescents between their ?rst hospitalization and their most recent hospitalization after turning 18à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (8) Age: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In elderly: In a report for NIMHE (National Institute for Mental Health in England) (9 cited by 21) .the following point regarding mental health problems in elderly has been noticed: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The number of older people with symptoms of mental problems in the UK is about 3 millions. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 10-15% of older people could be diagnosed by depression when applying the approved clinical criteria. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ About 5% of people aged over 65 and 20% over 80 are affected by dementia à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The economic cost of dementia in elderly is about à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½4.3 billion per year , this is more than the cost for heart disease ,stroke, cancer combined à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the above numbers are expected to rise by a third in the next 15 years Mental health problems in elderly are more likely to go undiagnosed. Even where they are recognized, they are often poorly managed (10). The UK inquiry into mental health in later life (11) listed five factors that affect the mental health of elderly: relationships; contribution in meaningful activity; physical health (capacity to do everyday tasks); discrimination (by age or culture); and poverty. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in children : WHO states that the building an effective mental health policy for child and adolescent requires first deep understanding of mental health problems among children and adolescentsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½(12) There is an evidence that levels of distress and dysfunction during childhood are considerably high between 11 per cent and 26 per cent, while the severe cases that require interventions are around 3à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½6 per cent of people under 16 years of age (13,14). Emotionally disturbed children are exposed to abuse or neglect in their family of origin, with estimates up to 65 per cent (15). Gender: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Women and Mental Health It is proved that mental health problems are more common among women than men with a higher incidence rates of depressive disorder than men (16). There are many factors to explain this, first: Socio-economic problems such as poor housing conditions and poverty cause greater stress and fear of future amongst women. lack of confidence and self-esteem may be the results of educational factors such negative school experiences , Living in unsafe neighborhoods cause stress and anxiety amongst women , another common problem is addiction on prescription medications (for depressive and sleeping disorders) leads to more stress and anxiety. (16). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Men and Mental Health In today world Men tend to be more susceptible to mental health problems than ever before especially suicide, some possible reasons for this are (17): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Men in general are less likely to discuss their feelings or problems or even to admit that they may have depression. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Comparing to women, fewer men look for help when having mental problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The impact of unemployment on men is deeper in general. Some mental disorders are more serious in men. For example suicide is considered to be a leading cause of mortality among young men age group(18). Suicide rate is especially high in poor communities for men from age group 10-24 comparing to the same age group in wealthy communities. It is known also that the onset of schizophrenia is earlier in men and the clinical outcomes are poorer (18). Risk groups for mental illness in men include (19): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Older men: many of them are less willing to benefit of provided health services because of the perception that these services are for older women. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Divorced men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ because of the lack of support available from their families, and services directed to meet the needs of this group. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Male victims of domestic abuse à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ especially boys in rural areas. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Gay and bisexual men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ few services are available to assist this group to deal with problems such as homophobic bullying and harassment. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sexual abuse victims, again insufficient support is provided for males of this group. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Fathers à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ this is mainly due to stresses of parenthood combined with less support services when comparing to those available to mothers. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Mourning men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ With no or very few appropriate services specifically designed to men who have undergone bereavement. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Men living in rural areas à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ obviously due to difficulty in getting access to proper support services. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Offenders of young age group à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ less psychological services are available in juvenile justice centres in spite of the fact that there are high numbers of young Offenders who actually have mental health problems needed to be taken care of. Ethnic group: The à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Count me inà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ report by Commission for Healthcare Audit and Inspection ( 20) noted differences in admission rates among different ethnic groups for example that rates were lower in white British ,Chinese and Indian comparing to the national average , while in Bangladeshi and Pakistani group the rates were around the national average , the highest rates (more than three times higher than average) were found in minority black groups (African and Caribbean) and in Mixed groups (White/Black African or White/Black Caribbean). Employment Status and Mental Health It is well-known that getting a job is a protective factor regarding mental illness (21). But this is not always true. As Wilkinson (22) noted that jobs which are insecure or do not achieve the required level of satisfaction could have negative effects equal to that of unemployment. The main factors that cause this are (21): stress associated with fear of job loss, feeling of imbalance between effort and reward and inability to control job circumstances, stressful relationship with colleagues and bosses, cases of harassment or bullying. All this factors can lead ultimately to serious mental health illness. On the other hand, According to OSC Health Inequalities Review (23) people with a mental illness have five times lesser chance to get a job, and if they are already working they become more likely to be fired, financially this group has in general lesser income (twice times chance than the general population) and more likely to depend on invalidity benefits. It is noticed that among mental disorders psychotic illness has the worse impact on employment rates which decline in this group to only one in four. Geographic variation: Studies result on geographic variation of mental illness are inconsistent , for example Hollie (24) has concluded that regarding mental problems it is possible to see notable variation at the household level but this variations do not exist in postcode units , and there is no proven connection with geographical accessibility or quality of residential environment Hollie noticed also that in common mental illnesses the psychosocial environment has greater importance than the physical environmentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Another example comes from a recent Swedish study of 4.4 million adults found that with increasing levels of urbanisation; there was a notable rise in the incidence rates of psychosis and depression (25). Another study by Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution shows that people from densely populated areas had a 68-77% and 12-20% higher risk of developing any psychotic illness and depression respectively when compared to a control group in rural areas. Within urban areas the rates for psychoses map closely those for deprivation and the size of a city also matters; in London schizophrenia rates are about twice those in Bristol or Nottingham (26,27). Disability and Mental Health: Definition: According to Disability Discrimination Act (1995) (DDA) (28) à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½A person has a disability if he has a physical or mental impairment which has substantial and long-term adverse affect on his ability to carry out normal day to day activitiesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ In the light of this definition we can focus on mental health inequality of three groups of people (21): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People suffer socio-economic disadvantage caused by stigma and discrimination associated with their mental health problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People with both physical disabilities and mental health problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People with physical disabilities, whose experience discrimination and stigma because of their physical impairment and become mentally ill because of this experience. Disabled people are more likely to experience stress and emotional instability than those who are not disabled. a report by the Equality Commission for Northern Ireland (29) had found that when surveyed 52% of disabled people had experienced high levels of stress in the last 12 months comparing to 34% of people who are not disabled , and when it comes to depression disabled women have a higher rate of depression than disabled men with 44% comparing to 34% Conclusion: Inequality in mental health is as important as any other form of health inequality, however the interaction between social and personal level in mental illness makes it more difficult to address different kinds of mental health Inequalities associated with it. Question 2: word count (2000) Tackling inequalities in mental health Introduction: Many researchers agree that mental illness could be considered one of the fundamental social and health determinants, and it is difficult to separate these both sides because in most cases social exclusion and social inequalities are both cause and consequence of mental disorders (30) Some studies refer particularly to two characteristics that distinguish mental illnesses when it comes to public health problems (30): first they are the recent high rates of incident and second is the early onset which affect much younger age group comparing to other health problems Mental health diseases have two distinct characteristics as a public health problem: first very high rates of prevalence; secondly : onset is usually at a much younger age than for other health problem , Mental health diseases effects all aspects of peopleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s lives : personal relationships, employment, income and educational performance. (31,32) Who is at risk for mental health problems? Defining risk groups enables policies makers to determine how to manage available resources to achieve better health equality. Furthermore, these groups are the main targets for health equality promotional programs. A review of recent evidences on mental health inequalities can help to define the large groups at risk (33): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People living in institutional settings: such as care homes or those in secure care or subject to detention. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People living in unhealthy settings and who may not be reached by traditional health care such as veterans or the homeless. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People with physical and/or mental illness, people misusing drugs, people with alcohol problems, people who are victims of violence and abuse. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½children whose parents have problems with alcohol or with drugs, children whose parents have a mental illness and looked after and accommodated children, à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ People from groups who experience discrimination. Key policies: These policies can be long term policies focusing on deep change over a long period or short term seeking fast results such as health promotion. Long term aims: Inequalities in mental health are not only about equality of access, but also about the quality of access. In the year 2009 Mental Health Foundation has published a report on resilience and inequalities in mental health (Mental Health, Resilience and Inequalities) (30, 34) This report mentioned four points that should be consider as priorities: 1- Factors that support the life of the families mainly the Social, cultural and economic conditions: This can be done by reduce child poverty , parenting skills training and high quality preschool education , providing secure places for the children to play in particularly outdoors, and cooperation between the different governmental agencies to compact violence and sexual abuse. 2- Establishing an educational system that can effectively support children on both emotional and economical scale by: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Schools health promoting programs, involving teachers, pupils, parents and working with families to enhance the home learning environment (HLE). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Taking steps to encourage sport activities and social events beside academic performance. 3- Reduce unemployment and poverty levels to reduce their negative effect on mental health, and while this is not an easy goal but the steps that could be taken my include: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Supporting efforts to improve pay, work conditions and job security. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Taking advantages of workplace based support by early detecting and caring of personal problems or psychiatric symptoms before developing into serious stages. . 4- Tackle economic and social problems, which cause the psychological distress. Such as housing/transport problems, isolation, debt, beside that art and leisure centres can help to reduce stress too. However, these strategies take a long time to be effective, that means the need for more rapid actions or short term aims. Short term aims: Mental health promotion: To build an effective strategy to promotion for health equality the following points should be achieved (30,35). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Comprehensive: promotion of mental Health is not only the responsibility of health services alone; other sectors of society should join that effort. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Based on evidence à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Responding to the needs of the local communities, and with the agreement of these communities. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Under continuous assessment: The strategy should undergo critical evaluation and can be changes should be made when necessary. A good example of such strategy is the Mental health national evidence based standards which have been issued by The National Service Framework for Mental Health (36). The idea of these standards is to deal with mental health discrimination and compact social exclusion in patients with mental illness. And that can be achieved by promotion: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Increase the awareness about the importance of mental health in the society à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Take strong position against discrimination affecting individuals with mental illness, and promote the steps that make the social inclusion possible for them. Tackling inequalities for special risk groups: The Suicide prevention strategy: One of the best example is the strategy based on work by The NSPSE (National Suicide Prevention Strategy for England), the report was the result of literature review of suicide prevention programs around the world and has reached the following goals (38): 1. To identify and work on people with the highest suicidal risk. 2. To raise the awareness about mental well-being in the society . 3. To target common suicide methods and limits the possibility to get access to such methods if possible. 4. Work with the media for better coverage of suicidal behaviour and its dangers. 5. Support the research for better understanding of suicide and the possible way to reduce it. 6. To evaluate the steps taken to achieve lower rates of suicide. Women and Mental Health: Preventing: The results of UK-based survey (38 cited by 21) shows that mental health services for women: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Do not respond to special need of mental health in women. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Can be unequal. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Sometimes prove to be unsafe for women. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ May not reflect to the gender effects on social inequalities, which present in deferent levels such as class and race. However, in their response to a survey conducted in England and Wales (38), women said that they services should: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Provide Sense of Security for them. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Encourage the feelings of independence and ability to make choices and control their life again. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Try to identify and deal with the real causes beyond the stress and the problems they face not only the symptoms of these problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ support motherhood by directly address this group problems, such as suitable accommodation, jobs opportunities, education. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Embrace their inner strength and potentials of recovery. These points are crucial to build a need-based action plan for better equality in health services. Men and Mental Health: Preventing: The Equal Minds conference workshop which had special focus on men and mental health listed some changes to the support services that make these services more related and directed to solve men mental health issues: (21): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the services should be designed especially for men and with easy access in mind , this include both the place and timing of the selected service , for example choosing places that men usually meet in , or including sport activities or introducing programs that run only by men à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Holistic approach, works on the person as a whole, not just on mental health. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Early intervention to prevent anxieties and concerns build up, especially in stress and anger management. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Trust and confidence are vital to solve problems of identity and role which can cause a lot of stress and self-image problems in men. Ethnicity and Mental Health: Preventing: One of the main problems in this group is the accessibility to the mental health services due to many factors such as: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Linguistic communication. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Stereotypic approach to their problems. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ignorance about the importance of mental health. Sashidharan in his report titled: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Inside Outsideà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (39 cited by 21) discussed the mental health services provided for black and minority ethnic groups in England and Wales. And he noticed that these services are different when comparing to services provided to the majority white population in some aspects: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are less likely to receive specialist mental care. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are more likely to undergo obligatory admission (there are differences exist between different ethnic groups and different age groups). à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are more likely to be wrongly diagnosed. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Patients are more likely to be treated with psychiatric drugs and Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), more than receiving talking therapies. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To have higher readmission rates and stay for longer in hospitals. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To be admitted to secure care/forensic environments. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Their social care and psychological needs are less likely to be addressee within the care planning process. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To have worse outcomes. A strategic approach in Ethnicity and Mental Health: In England and Wales a framework has been developed for action for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½delivering race equalityà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ in mental health (40 cited by 21) The framework introduces three points which are essential to reach the targets of better services and results in mental health problems in minority ethnic groups, these points are: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing high quality Information services. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ To insure that the provided services are easy to access and can respond quickly to minority groupsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ needs. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Involve the community in the efforts toward better mental health. In other words any approach should take in consider both quality of health services and the already existing socio-economic inequalities that ethnic groups may face. Some suggested steps for this approach may include (21): à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Providing interpretation and translation services beside mental health service to insure highest possible quality. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Adopting equalities practice in mental health services, that mean better understanding for cultural identity, the impact of racism, and culture differences in the ways people express of mental stress. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Researching better tools and assessment measures that can better assess patients from different backgrounds and ethnicities. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring that services understand and respect spiritual requirements for different cultures. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring access equality to services that more culturally accepted including, counseling, psychotherapy and advocacy. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Addressing common problems of black and minority communities, such as housing, employment, welfare benefits, and child-care. Disability and Mental Health: people with disabilities may experience high levels of socio-economic disadvantage due to discrimination and stigma , this group need a special interest regarding mental health services , they are liable for what Rogers and Pilgrim (41) described :à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½inequalities created by service provisionà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Mental health services for disable people should be customized to their needs, some recommendations for such services may include: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Promotion for well-being, mental health, and living with disability. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Early intervention: for people who show symptoms for possible mental illness. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Personalised care based on individuals wishes and needs. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Stigma: work for better social inclusion and try to deal with problems associated with stigma and discrimination associated with some disabilities. Elderly and mental health: In order to achieve better equality for this group, policy makers should insure better access to mental health services in the first place. In the year 2005 the Department of Health introduced a report titled à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Securing Better Mental Health for Older Adultsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (42) to launch a new program to enhance the levels of services provided for elderly suffering mental illnesses or problems, this report promoted for a new policy that depends on two important steps: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ensuring equality in the provided mental services; that means that the availability of these services should depend on the actual need for it not on selective age groups. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The approach of these services should be Holistic and personalized to meet both mental and physical needs for older age group. Here, it is essential to emphasis the importance of specialist mental health service for older adults. Sexual Orientation and Mental Health: In this group health promotion plays a prominent role to address the mental problems associated with sexual orientation. PACE organization has published practice guidelines for mental health services working with lesbian, gay and bisexual people (43 cited by 21). The guidelines suggest that these services should especially designed to meet the needs of LGB people, examples of such services include particularly counseling and advocacy. In response to these guidelines and other studies about LGB such as (44 cited by 21). Mental health services for LGB people should: à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Deal with the problems of heterosexism and homophobia that this group frequently faces. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Raise the community awareness about the problems that this group suffer especially social exclusion and discrimination. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ The services directed to LGBT people should be able to interact effectively with this group à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½culturally competentà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Preventing in Mental Health Problems: People with mental health problem are in need for à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½resilience factorsà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which may be the only way to heal from mental distress and to fight the stigma and discrimination they frequently face (21), we can name some of these factors such as confiding relationships, social networks, self-determination, financial security, however, support health services are essential for individual recovery and to achieve socially inclusive à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½accepting communitiesà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (45). Examples for these services can be found in à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½report on Mental Health and Social Exclusionà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ which has been introduced by Social Exclusion Unit. The report included a 27-point Action Plan especially designed to deal with discrimination and stigma (21). In this action plan the health and social care services play an decisive role to fight the problem of social exclusion and provide the proper support for community and families, this support may include help to find better accommodation, and provide financial (46). Beyond this report, it is essential that policy makers be aware of connection between inequalities and mental health as a result and a cause, this will encourage more holistic approach that aim prevention at the long run. Conclusion: It is essential to put the different recommendations on mental health inequalities into everyday practice , for example a recent study by Glasgow Centre for Population Health found that policies are not driving practice for effective reduction in inequalities levels in mental health within primary care, and the primary care organization studied is not Contributive to tackle inequalities in mental health. (47). For that reason, it is the responsibility of government, health services and health professionals to put these strategies and plans into action to insure a better and healthier society.

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Let me point out a few common misconceptions that you might create while conceptualising your own version of Bigg's ideas. 'Surface' and 'deep' are characteristics of the approaches that students might make, not characteristics of the students themselves. The three learning theories I want to discuss are Constructivist, Humanist and Congnitivism. According to constructivist theorists it is important that students do not have misconceptions before they start to learn a new concept. Teachers should identify the students current understanding and ideas in order to construct new meaning. This can be done, for example, by giving a quiz as an introduction to a new subject, by group discussion, by giving activities after presenting new information or by linking to students previous experiences. When teaching in business I have given students quiz about the economy before discussing and teaching the subject. This way I can asses what level of knowledge and understanding there already is on the subject before the learners begin to construct new meaning. I would then present some infor...

Necessary Physical Contant in D.H. Lawrences Women in Love and Platos

Necessary Physical Contant in D.H. Lawrence's Women in Love and Plato's Symposium D.H. Lawrence’s novel, Women in Love, presents a complex model of female-male and male-male relationships. Lawrence’s model relies heavily on a similar model presented in Plato’s Symposium. The difference between the two works lies in the mode of realization; that is, how one goes about achieving a ‘perfect’ love relationship with either sex. Lawrence concentrates on corporal fulfillment, characterized in his recurring reference to obtaining a â€Å"blood oath,† while Plato concentrates on a mental, or â€Å"divine† bond. Lawrence’s concentration on corporal fulfillment of love only superficially differs from Plato’s concentration on the mind: both come to the same philosophy of bodily exchange as being a necessary component of relations with either sex. As Barry J. Scherr points out in his article on the relationship between Women in Love and the Symposium, â€Å" ‘Excurse’ [chapter 23] has been recognized by critics as a ‘central chapter’ of Women in Love† (210). The reason for this appraisal is that â€Å"Excurse† presents both a realization and articulation of Lawrence’s view of female-male relationships through the characters of Birkin and Ursula. The transmittance, or â€Å"Excurse,† comes through bodily exchange: â€Å"[Ursula] traced with her hands the line of his loins and thighs †¦ It was a dark flood of electric passion she released from him, drew into herself. She established a rich new circuit †¦ released from the darkest poles of the body and established in perfect circuit† (358). It is through sexual intercourse, or, in the very least, bodily contact, that the connection between Ursula and Birkin is established. Scherr states that â€Å"This scene betwe... ...al connection to take place in order to establish a meaningful bond. These bonds, if properly achieved, are the ideal models of relations between the two sexes. Superficial differences between the two works’ philosophies manifest in a difference in importance: Lawrence stresses the physical connection as paramount, while Plato describes that both physical and mental connections are necessary. Works Cited Griffith, Tom, trans. Symposium of Plato. Los Angeles: University of California P, 1989. Hecht, Jamey. Plato's Symposium: Eros and the Human Predicament. New York: Twayne, 1999. Lawrence, D.H. Women in Love. New York: Random House, 1922. Scherr, Barry J. "Lawrence's ‘Dark Flood:’ A Platonic Interpretation of ‘Excurse’" Paunch 64 (1990): 209-246. Strauss, Leo. On Plato's Symposium. Ed. Seth Benardete. Chicago: University of Chicago P, 2001.

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Oil is one of the largest components of the American economy. However through the last thirty years America has had to overcome many obstacles in order to secure a steady flow of oil from foreign countries. Since the early 1970s many political leaders have encouraged drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) to solve America’s problem of securing foreign oil. The people in favor of letting companies drill in the ANWR argue that it would reduce America’s dependence on foreign oil, and not effect the environment. People against oil drilling in the ANWR state that the drilling would do nothing to change America’s dependence on Foreign oil, and will have detrimental effects on one of the world’s largest untouched nature-preserves. In order to secure and stabilize both the Environment and America’s oil supply, America will need to assign a small section of the ANWR for oil drilling, that would not effect the natural ecosystems. One near-sighted proposal to help reduce America’s foreign dependence for oil has been to drill for oil in the ANWR. Currently the United States imports around 60 percent of the oil that its citizens consumes annually and around 20 percent of this oil comes from the Persian Gulf countries, averaging about 2.4 million barrels a day are being imported to the United States (Corsi 11). Each barrel of oil costs around 50$, meaning the United States sends more than 600$ million a day to foreign countries, of which 120$ million goes to the Persian Gulf. Annually the United States spends just under a quarter of a trillion dollars to buy oil. These numbers show that the United States is very dependent on oil from foreign countries, and has had to intervene in foreign entanglements because of it, such a... ...structures (which was not the case in Prudhoe Bay,) there would be other suitable calving areas. The oil fields operated ANWR would also help make the United States less dependent on foreign oil. Although the United States will most likely never be completely independent of oil, the Oil drilled in the ANWR would save the United States millions of dollars a year, from paying foreign countries to sell us oil. If we have a steady domestic oil supply, the United States will not have to focus so much of its attention on foreign issues that are not related to us. Keeping the environment pristine, and having a secure line of oil are big concerns of the United States government. By assigning a small section of the ANWR for oil drilling and setting restrictions on oil infrastructures during calving season would let America succeed in both the economy and the environment.

Public Speaking Self Reflection Essay

During the first week of class we learned about presentations and talking in front of people. At which each individual experienced nervousness and fear. As we gave our presentations each person was given a critique on strengths and weaknesses. I saw many weaknesses in my presentation and intend on working on finding ways to improve them into strengths. Some anxiety signs I noticed were speaking too fast and moving around. I feel maybe I rushed the presentation and possibly distracted by my thoughts and material in my hands. I didn’t have the correct mind set to calm down and speak clearer and slower. I wanted to get the presentation over with so I think I went in with the mind set of doing it fast. I think one way to work on that is take my presentations more seriously and find ways to enjoy them. Looking at the class while speaking may also contribute to this, because they seemed just as disinterested as I was. I think that may have messed with my head a bit but I need to work on ways to look and feel more enthusiastic, that way the class can feel the same. What I hope to accomplish in this class is get rid of the anticipation and nervousness I get before and during speeches and presentations. Though I don’t have a  problem speaking in front of people, I want the feeling to be second nature to me. Ways to improve that is practice talking with strangers and giving speeches or presentations in front of friends and family. If I can’t talk in front of my friends and family, then chances are I can’t do it in front of strangers. In conclusion, it was refreshing to get feedback from your peers in order to better yourself. A lot of times the presentation goes well in our head, or least we think so, but it doesn’t quite come out exactly like you thought. Having the kind of criticism is healthy because even though we practice, we don’t notice things about ourselves, like body language or tone of voice. Practice doesn’t make perfect but practice makes permanent. If you practice wrong, you risk bad habits and risk doing it wrong.

Chicken

Although online and offline experiences are quite different In practice, the goal remains the same. The mall purpose of the boutique and the website Is to create a unique and unforgettable experience for the customer. Smart brand marketers are the ones who realism luxury always was and always will be about the relationships. Luxury Interactive helps you advance the integration of traditional and interactive marketing strategies to create exceptional customer experiences, keeping your brand top of mind with your customers. Location Central London Hotel AttendeesLuxury executives in the following areas: Sales & Marketing, marketing, commerce, Interactive, Strategic Planning, Branding & Brand Management, PR & Advertising, Business Development, Corporate Communications, Strategic Partnerships, Customer Relationship Management & Loyalty Marketing, Interactive Campaign Management. History of Event Landmark 3/10 – 3/13 2008 El Meridian Piccadilly 03/16 – 03/18 2009 Decision Da te 9/30/09 What to include in Proposal Dates, Meeting Space outline with Room Names, Floor Plans, Menus, Meeting Space Rental, Distance to Metro Date Options 05/11 -05/13 2010Space Needs Days are flexible as long as no meetings are on Friday Monday 2 Offices Setup for Conference needs to be 110 Pl in crescent rounds with Stage, Riser and room for podium and panel table. (these people really like to spread out there papers and Interact in a table format) Setup to start at pm – 24 hour hold Exalt Setup to take place for 10 xx booths that need to be next to General Session this would need a setup of pm with 24 hold till breakdown on Wednesday at pm. Tuesday Conference Starts at am – pm needs to be set In crescent rounds for 110 Pl with