Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Oxidative Stress Relationship

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) and Oxidative Stress Relationship Alzheimer’s malady (AD) is a neurodegenerative ailment which causes a deadly wind in the auxiliary trustworthiness, and a detour in the capacity of mind, this in the long run channel the circumstance to degeneration and shrinkage of cerebrum, and abrogate the control of cerebrum over different pieces of the body, and goes to the last shutting comment of the ailment demise. Studies done on the subject have certified that the malady isn't reversible, and the main fix of expectation is hindering its encouraging. In any case, as the sickness progresses through mid stage and develops into extreme AD, the state of patient gets woeful and care giving turns out to be increasingly excruciating. Studies have detailed that prominent manifestations of AD are seen simply following 60 years old, despite the fact that the infection has begun before that. Introductory indications are loss of transient memory-being distracted about the ongoing occasions, and progressively over some stretch of time understanding appears to be increasingly missing â€minded about the earth, things which are synthetically carved in the drawn out memory starts to be deleted, and the last stage begins driving the patient into extreme AD which is enormously pitiable. Studies have demonstrated that loss of capacity of neurons is the reason for AD. A more critical investigate the perspective uncovered an unpredictable arrangement of occasions that go before the neuronal degeneration-oxidative pressure and unevenness in homeostasis, development of barriers in correspondence, self-destructing of honesty and passing of neurons. This empowered to go past the discoveries of shallow examinations done and theory created, and assisted with diving a lot further into the internal activities and instrument of the malady. Theories created to clarify component of AD are: amyloid course theory, cholinergic speculation and tau speculation. Amyloid course speculation says, APP-Amyloid Precursor Protein, a tra nsmembrane protein associated with fundamental jobs of development, endurance and fix of nerve cells-is cut at wrong places by a compound called secretase, prompting the arrangement of amyloid ÃŽ ² peptides which gathers to shape plaques-amyloid plaques-and tie to neural connections hindering the correspondence channel, in the long run causes memory misfortune. As indicated by cholinergic theory, descending float in the degrees of acetylcholine in cerebrum is the reason for Alzheimer’s illness. Loss of capacity of cholinergic neurons was found in Alzheimer’s sickness patients. Move in the degree of acetylcholine occurs because of the absence of two proteins engaged with combination and separating of acetylcholine. This will prompt loss of capacity of neurons; brain’s usefulness self-destructs, and in the long run prompts manifestations of Alzheimer’s infection. Tau theory moves toward the issue in another point of view, tau protein-a protein related with microtubules in nerve cells-gets hyperphosphorylated, this empowers cross connecting among tau protein units, and they ease off from being appended to the microtubules. This causes loss of auxiliary honesty of nerve cells, and they breakdown and bunch to frame tangles-neurofibrillary tangles. Studies directed concentrating on the inward operations of these speculation have discovered that oxidative pressure is the explanation that improves plaque and tangle arrangement, fix systems in cells can't illuminate the circumstance as the oligomer development and cross connecting are dominatingly made by non peptide bonds. In another examination, amyloid ÃŽ ² peptides have demonstrated close connection with certain reasons for distraught cow infection. Studies identified with hereditary qualities of AD have discovered the connection between APOE quality on chromosome 21 and the sickness. APOE quality codes for apolipoprotein, and one among its capacities is separating of APP. APOE has varia tions, APOEÃŽ µ4 is the one which codes for less dynamic protein whose ability to separate APP is drowsy. Individuals with this variation quality are increasingly will in general grow AD in later phases of life, and any irregularity identified with chromosome 21 additionally brings about AD over some undefined time frame.

To Kill A Mockingbird Chapter Summaries

Part 2-3 Dill returns to his old neighborhood.. ]em and scout have first day of skool ms. Caroline attempts to offer cash to Walter Cunningham for lunch however he never eats he's supa poor scout gets in a tough situation for having the option to peruse and compose then burris ewell makes ms. Caroline cry scout needs to drop outta skool however makes a trade off mind atticus that she will go to skool in the event that they continue perusing everynight. Part 4 Scout thinks something is missing and school wasn't generally in her future. She discovers 2 bits of gum close to the Radley property yet Jem makes her let it out then the following day they discover two pennies and keep them†¦Scout and Calpurnia are getting along. Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose meanest old woman ever. Jem jobs scout not far off ina tire she drops out and Jem acts tuff and gets the tire out off boo's yard then they play Boo Radley (reinactment) Jem says boo radly is dead yet that makes scout apprehensive in li ght of the fact that she knows he isnt Sent from my Verizon Wireless BlackBerry Chapter 5 Dill purposed to Scout at that point disregarded it somewhat later in the late spring. Dill and Jem avoided Scout. Scout turned out to be nearer to Ms. Maudie Atkinson. (Widow Scout depicts as chameleon woman, loathes her home and gardens. ) Scout and Ms.Maudie talk about the Bible. The 3 children attempt to dangle an angling rod shaft with a note on it saying come out to Boo Radley, however Atticus gets frantic. Part 6 It is the latest day Dill is in Maycomb, and around evening time they choose to attempt to get a brief look at Boo Radley, yet they see a shadow and flee. While they are running, Scout excursions and makes a gunfire clamor (or Boo fires not certain) they attempt to meet at a tree close to class however Jem's jeans stall out on a fence and need to deceive the grown-ups that he lost them in strip poker to Dill. During the night he proceeds to get them despite the fact that Scout l ets him know not too.Chapter 7 Scout is presently in second grade and Jem reveals to her that the night he returned to Radley Place for his jeans, they had been sewed messily and collapsed like somebody realized he would return. They likewise found a wad of dim string in the concealing spot they found. The following day they discovered 2 bits of cleanser with pictures cut looking like a kid and an other in an unrefined dress. They understand the pictures cut in are themselves. They are attempting to make sense of who did it. After fourteen days they locate an entire pack of gum. After four days they found a messed up pocket watch with an aluminum knife.They compose a card to say thanks to the supplier, yet Nathan Radley had established in the entire saying it was biting the dust yet it was extremely solid. Part 8 Scout says her and Jem haven't been complying with their father, Atticus. Mrs. Radley passed on however nobody truly minded. It snows just because and Scout is frightened o n the grounds that she's never observed day off. They have a day off and nobody however them appears to like the day off. They make an enormous snow man loaded up with earth since they don't have a lot of day off. Ms. Maudie's home bursts into flames alongside Ms. Rachel's nevertheless just Ms. Maudie's burns to the ground. Some way or another a puzzling cover shows up around Scout's shoulders.It is suggested that Boo Radley put it there. Jem confesses all pretty much the entirety of their insider facts. They bring Ms back. Maudie's cap and support scissors that they had acquired to diguise the snowman. Section 9 Scout gets frantic in light of the fact that Cecil Jacobs says Atticus protects blacks (in court). Scout props attempting to escape up to class. Atticus just reveals to her yes (he defends a dark) and his name is Tom Robinson (an old buddy of Cal's). He wouldn't like to mention to Scout what the case is. He says he took the case to keep regard. Scout discusses Cousin Ike. U ncle Jack remains with them for a week and gives them air rifles.Then, they visit Finch's arrival for Christmas. Francis, her irritating cousin, additionally gives her difficulty over Atticus taking Tom Robinson's case. Part 10 Atticus is exceptionally old (50) in contrast to the childrens' schoolmates. He has a â€Å"boring† Job. He never beverages or anything so he isn't very inconspicous. Atticus says its a transgression to slaughter a mockingbird since everything they do is sing. Scout attempts to shoot Ms. Maudie's butt, so Atticus heads toward caution her. The children go chasing and discover Tim a hurt old canine, so they need to support him, yet Cal calls around to caution individuals about the distraught dog.The operations come and everybody locks themselves inside. Somebody hands Atticus a firearm to fire the canine however he cannot. He winds up shooting the pooch and his children can't accept he shot the canine. They discover that Atticus' epithet was old one shot . Ms. Maudie tells the children he quit any pretense of chasing in light of the fact that he thought god gave him an out of line advantage. Part 1 Jem and Scout despise Mrs. Dubose and think she keeps a gun disguised, and they did whatever it takes not to past her home. Atticus says Mrs. Dubose is old and wiped out and not to let her get to Jem. Jem and Scout get down to business to get himself a little steam motor and Scout an aton.But, Jem gets extremely frantic when she says Atticus isn't any better than the n*ggers he shields. Scout pulls him away. At the point when they stroll back home, Mrs. Dubose wasnt on the yard. Jem grabbed her stick and went through her yard and left just when he destroyed every last bit of her camellia bloom shrubs, he broke Scouts rod. Atticus gets distraught at Jem for demolishing Mrs. Dubose's nursery and causes him to go apologize to her. Atticus says he was unable to go to chapel on the off chance that he didn't take Tim Robinson's case. Mrs. Dubos e has Jem tidy up her yard and says each saturday he needs to take a shot at her yard and each ay with the exception of Sundays tor a month ne nas to peruse to her.Scout depicts ner as appalling. While he was perusing, she started to get inaccessible (NOT positively). They inquire as to whether she is alright. Atticus mentions to Scout what a n*gger darling is. They understand that the morning timer has been going off a little later every day. They at long last completion all the perusing and are exceptionally upbeat. Mrs. Dubose passes on and Atticus brings a treats box home from her for Jem. Atticus kept in touch with her will and she broke herself from her morphine dependence directly before she kicked the bucket. She passed on free as the â€Å"mountain air† the crate has a white camellia in it. He shouts â€Å"Oh damnation fiend! Atticus needed Jem to perceive how valiant she was and boldness isn't a man with a weapon it is somebody that realizes they will lose yet at t he same time proceeds with whatever they are doing. Part 12 Jem is 12 and Scout acknowledges she shouldn't trouble him. Jem advises her to be a young lady. Summer comes and Dill doesn't come since he has another dad that he will invest energy with him. He begins perusing the paper what not. Cal says the children can go to chapel with her, they are energized. Everybody is conscious of the gathering, aside from Lulu, who inquires as to why Cal carried white children to a n*gger church.No instruments or books inside, Just a wooden fan for everybody. Despite the fact that the children have dimes, they take Cal's. The minister presents them and says, â€Å"you all know their dad. † They tally the cash and state nobody can leave until they have $10 to support Tim's family. The cleric says that Atticus was the congregation's closest companions. Cal reveals to Scout that Tim is in Jail for apparently assaulting Mr. Ewell's young lady. Scout doesn't have the foggiest idea what an assa ult is. The children discover that nobody from the congregation can peruse and that Cal's alleged birthday is on christmas. Cal took a shot at Finch's Landing since she could ork and has consistently worked for the Finchs.Cal told the children that she talked like she was dark with her neighbors at chapel so she wouldn't be strange. Part 13 Aunt Alexandra visits. Her and Atticus concluded it would be useful for Scout to have a ladylike good example. Atticus returns and tells the children that he thinks it is a smart thought for Auntie to live with them, however Scout realizes it was Auntie's thought. She became secretary to a Maycomb club. The town is so little and everybody wedded in it, so Scout says everybody appears to be indistinguishable. Aunt advises Atticus to do and he tells the children to satisfy the Finch name.Scout and Jem feels like Atticus isn't a similar individual, yet he changes back in light of the fact that Aunt Alexandra instructed him to. Part 14 When Jem and S cout are experiencing town, individuals continue offering remarks and somebody says something regarding assault, so when Atticus returned home Scout asked him what assault was. Atticus says assault is â€Å"carnal information on a female forcibly and without assent. † She asks him for what reason Cal wouldn't mention to her what assault was if that was all it was. Scout inquires as to whether she can go to Cal's home, however Auntie forcefully says no. Scout over hears Auntie saying they ought to dispose of Cal. Scout and Jem fight yet Atticus eparates them.Scout believes there's a snake under her bed however it ends up being Dill. He detests his new dad and reveals to them that a close by rancher had been taking care of him. Section 1 Dill scout and Jem follow atticus to town where they discover him sitting before Tom robbinson's Jail cell, he held up until an immense horde of individuals cam in one of the individuals being the cunningham father. Scout begins sauing things a bout mr. Cunningham's child, and she gets the entire whole horde to disregard tom without understanding that she did so Chapter 16 The children and Atticus go out in the night. Toward the beginning of the day Atticus says BraxtonUnderwood is a negro-hater, and Aunt Alexandra instructs him not to state that infront of Cal, yet Atticus says she most likely knows and she likewise realizes the amount she intends to them. Scout has seen an adjustment in Atticus in the course of recent days. They talk about how despite the fact that Mr. Cunningham was prepared to murder Atticus with the crowd they are still companions and the horde individuals are still individuals in any case Scout couldn't have halted them. Scout says when Walter returns to class she's going to slaughter him, yet Atticus advises her NOT to. Atticus advises the children not to go downtown that day. (NOTE: pg 218 great statement atticus' child rearing and calling) To Kill A Mockingbird Chapter Summaries Section 2-3 Dill returns to his old neighborhood.. ]em and scout have first day of skool ms. Caroline attempts to offer cash to Walter Cunningham for lunch however he never eats he's supa poor scout gets in a tough situation f

The Interpretation of Advertisements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SAT Vocab Monday Really Hard SAT Words

Even if you are, say, 50-years old, you probably remember that there were these terribly difficult words on SAT that you’d never seen before. That kind of dread doesn’t dissipate with the decades. So, yes, the SAT has long been making life difficult with these tough words. Perfidious â€Å"Et tu Brute† can be loosely translated as either â€Å"watch out for that knife† or â€Å"you are the worst friend ever—back stabber†. To commit such an act of betrayal is to involve perfidy, or deceitful, underhanded disloyalty. In less Shakespearean terms, your friend is being perfidious if they smile in front of your face but are talking you down in front of others. Mercurial 2:36 p.m. I am so happy! School is out. 2:45: I can’t get out of this terrible parking lot. The world sucks. 3:08: Why didnt I just go home? It’s completely boring here. 3:10: I can’t believe that jerk just texted me that. I’m going to defriend them. This might sound like a typical day in the life of a high schooler, but the focus here is on the roller coaster, unpredictable emotions. In other words, this person is being totally mercurial. Munificent If somebody asked you what you’d do with billions of dollars, you’d probably think of owning a jet plane and buying a Tahitian island. Bill Gates, however, is munificent. That is, he is completely generous and gives millions upon millions to causes that help humanity. Pernicious Combine harmful and destructive with subtle and you get the wonderful word pernicious (doesn’t it just sound destructive?). Usually, we use this word in terms of the negative influence that ideas or people have on society. For instance, a pernicious way of thinking common to 17th New England is that some people (especially those you don’t like) are witches.

A Startling Fact about College Paper Help Uncovered

A Startling Fact about College Paper Help Uncovered What the In-Crowd Won't Tell You About College Paper Help Additionally, you can get in touch with the on-line paper writer personally using our messaging system if you need clarifications about the purchase. All you have to do is place your purchase. For getting expert college paper writing service at the most competitive budget, you merely will need to complete the purchase form or call us directly. If you're using writing services online for the very first time and not certain how it works, you may always contact our support agent who will help you through all the stages starting with the purchase placement right until the last paper is delivered to you. The Fight Against College Paper Help Therefore, there's no need in dealing with it all on your own. Regardless of what you have to write, online help is always available, and you are able it! 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Confrontation of Gender Roles in the Works of Mill,...

Confrontation of Gender Roles in the Works of Mill, Tennyson, and Woolf Although women in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries faced oppression and unequal treatment, some people strove to change common perspectives on the feminine sex. John Stuart Mill, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, and Virginia Woolf were able to reach out to the world, through their literature, and help change the views that society held towards women and their roles within its structure. During the Victorian era, women were bound to domestic roles and were very seldom allowed to seek other positions. Most men and many women felt that if women were allowed to pursue interests, outside traditional areas of placement that they would be unable to be an attentive†¦show more content†¦Mill makes a very strong argument that the position women have in society is not the only possible way to structure societal hierarchy. The reason it seems unnatural to change its structure, he claims, is because it is uncustomary. He says that one cannot keep a certain sex bound by a stereotype, on the basis of their nature, when nature, in this sense, is biased to what is known and allowed by society. Custom [...] however universal, affords no presumption and ought not to create any prejudice, in favour [sic] of womans subjection to man (Pyle 89). What is considered a womans nature is not a well-rounded viewpoint because it does not allow for the differences that might occur if situations were different. If men had ever been found in society without women, or women without men, or if there had been a society of men and women in which the women were not under the control of the men, something might have been positively known about the mental and moral differences which may be inherent in the nature of each. (1160-1161) The commonly held theories that women are inferior to men, because they lack the strength of character, mind, and body that men are attributed to having, are misleading for many reasons. To assume that men are superior in these three aspects is to assume that all men and women equally share the same strengths and weaknesses of their entire sex. To do this one must accept the fact that all

Foreign Direct Investment Relationship With Malaysian Economic Growth - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3751 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION This study will give us an opportunity to identify the determinants of FDI that develops economic growth, to understand the importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) in enhancing the economic growth in Malaysia, and also the relationship between (FDI) and the economic growth in Malaysia. In this chapter of study, the main focus will be on research background, research objectives, research questions and also the significant of study. Research Background 1.1.1 The Trend of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Flow in Malaysia The relationship between the growths of FDI with countries has been a debatable issue for several decades. This has become an eye opener which agreed by (Karimi, Sharift and Yusop, 2009, p.2) which drive policymakers to engage in incentives such as export processing zone and tax incentive in order to attract FDI. However, the determinant of FDI in each country is different and failure to understand how a specific country can attract FDI will bring difficulties to changes in economy. In the case of Malaysia, in 2007 the economy was ranked at 29th largest economy in the world with gross domestic products that worth to be $357.9billion (World Bank, 2007). Despite the impact of many externalities such as, oil crises in 1970s, to downturn in electronic industry in 1980s, and majorly impact the Asian financial crisis in 1997s. According to (Ministry of Finance, 2006) the growth of economy in Malaysia was consistent from 1988 to 1996 and maintain the economic annual growth of 7-10% per annu m, by the year 2005 the main source of growth was the manufacturing sector whose share of GDP increase to 31.4 percent. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Foreign Direct Investment Relationship With Malaysian Economic Growth" essay for you Create order The key driver for the ongoing performance of Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy is the result of policy reform which is a determinant Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) which enhances the economic growth of Malaysia. The evidence here can be seen by (Ministry of Finance, 2001) introducing the Investment Incentives Act 1968, free trade zones in early 1970s, and export incentives with open policy in 1980s has led to an establishment of FDI in the 1980s. One good example to show that the government has use policy as a determinant of FDI would be, The Promotion of Investment Act (PIA) 1986 which gave a larger percentage of foreign equity ownership in order to attract FDI to enhance economy of Malaysia. Figure 1: FDI inflow into Malaysia, (in million dollars) 1970-2004 This graph illustrates the FDI inflow from 1970-2004 in Malaysia. This research shown that (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) FDI stock in Malaysia grew tremendously from 1970s to 1990s, despite fluctuation between the years, and the growth of FDI has been promising from $94 million dollars in 1970s to $2.6 billion by 1990s. Unfortunately, in the early 1990s, the rate of FDI inflow has decrease because of the slowdown investment in Malaysia by two main sources of investors which is Japan and Taiwan. As of 1996, the FDI rate (Har, Teo and Yee, 2008, p.12) has reach its peak when Malaysia successfully accumulated $7.3 billion dollar, by the end of 1998. There has been a major reduction in FDI inflow due to the financial crisis in 1997 that affected many Southeast Asia countries. Unfortunately, by the early 2000s the inflow of FDI in Malaysia has been unpredictable and inconsistent, but still manages to generate average inflow of $3billion per year. In 2007, Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s inward (FDI) performance index has reduce compared to the inward (FDI) potential index which shows that Malaysia lack the capability to attract foreign investors in this recent years as seen in table1, and the key factors is because neighboring countries such as China, and India has much more attractive offers such as lower labor cost that make their business more efficient. Since the inflow FDI has been decreasing, Malaysia was ranked 71 in 2007. Table 1: Malaysia rankings by inwards FDI Performance Index, Inward FDI Potential Index (2005-2007) The table above explains that inward FDI inflow in Malaysia were only US $ 8,043 million and it was only 2.6% of total inflow of FDI to Asia and by that time China has possesses the share of as much as 26.05%.(World Investment Report, 2008) The conclusion can be made here is that Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s reduction inflow of FDI is mainly because their incentive are becoming less competitive compared to other countries in Asia. Problem Statement FDI is strongly recommended to achieve consistent economic growth and resulting in modernisation in industrialisation and raise the living standards of the society. There are many determinants regarding FDI and based incentive policy is one of them. Research shows that (Lam and Liew, 2009, p.435) 2 main assumption of this incentive are that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“high monetary incentive allows FDI to be attracted easierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“high inflow of FDI might lead to higher economic growthà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Unfortunately, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“incentiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is not necessary monetary-based like tax exemption but can be a long term relationship that seeks for mutual benefits of both sides. The evidence can be seen that the total inflow of FDI into the region of South East Asia, East Asia and South Asia has increased by 15% to USD 165million in 2005 but for Malaysia despite the fact that many monetary based incentives is provided, Malaysia still experiencing a decrease in foreign direct investment. (Tomlinson, Abdullah, Kolesnikov and Jessop, 2006) In 1990, Malaysia was ranked 4th in the world for FDI, but was ranked 62th in 2005 and recorded negative inflow of net foreign direct investment in the year 2007 More attention should be given by government, researchers and policy makers to identify the problem and produce the solution that can stimulate the FDI in Malaysia. Much research has been done to stimulate FDI, but a lot lesser research has been carried out considering international relations because mostly focus on microeconomic aspect of domestic firm performance. It is very important for foreign investors to gain confidence to invest in Malaysia, hence enhance the economic growth in Malaysia. More research should be done to determinant other determinants of FDI in order to develop the performance of economy in Malaysia. It is very important for more research to be done on FDI with international relation in order to identify the determinants of FDI that can stimulate the economic growth of Malaysia and not on incentive that only focuses on profit maximization of one sided benefits. Research Objectives The objective of carrying out this study is as below To review the determinants of FDI that is affecting economic growth in Malaysia To analyze the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. To evaluate some policy actions related to increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia. Research Questions This study is conducted to address the following research questions: Do the determinants of FDI inflow affect the economic growth in Malaysia? Will relationship with FDI result in bloom of economic growth in Malaysia? How policy actions can increase the inflow of FDI in Malaysia? Chapter 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction In this section, a review of literature will provide us with a better understanding of the determinant of FDI and the growth of economic in Malaysia. This chapter focuses on the empirical studies on the role of FDI in the economic growth of host countries. Furthermore, a conceptual framework of these variables will be provided. 2.1 Review of Literature 2.1.1 Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has associate with many leading roles in development of host countries such as source of capital, new job opportunities, diffusion of new technology into country, and develop overall economic growth of host countries. Empirical studies have been carried out to show the relationship between FDI and economic growth while others focuses more on the causality of these two variables. Different methods are use by research to find out the determinants of FDI and the relationship it has with economic growth of host countries. By using cross-section data and OLS regression, Balasubramanyam (1996) found out that host countries that impose export promoting strategy produce positive growth of FDI on the economic growth but this does not apply to host countries as imposes import substitution strategy. Cross-sectional data has also conclude that high level of institutional capability which measured by degree of property right protection and bureaucratic efficiency in host country leads to a positive effect of FDI which enhances the economic growth of host countries. (Olofsdotter, 1998) In the work of Borensztein, et al. (1998), they utilize the cross country regression framework to analyse the effect of FDI on economic growth. They use the FDI flows data from industrial countries to 69 developing countries for the past two decades. Their research provided essential information that shown FDI plays an important role in diffusing new technology in host countries, and relatively boost overall economic growth rather than domestic investment. According to another research on (Borensztein et, al.1998) developing economies which focuses on the diffusion process of technology and economic growth, they found out that the positive impact of FDI on economic growth is highly dependent on the availability of human capital in the specific host country. De Mello (1999) uses both time series and panel data fixed effects for a sample of 32 developed and developing countries to study the relationship of FDI and economic growth. However, he only found out little result showing positi ve effect of FDI that affects the economic growth of host country. There are also other research that focuses on the causality between FDI and economic growth. Zhang (2001) and Choe (2003) use co integration and Granger causality test for a sample of 11 developing countries in East Asia and Latin America. Zhang (2001) found out that 5 cases that shows enhancement of economic growth but the condition of host country is important, so factors such as macro stability and trade regime must be attractive to attract FDI in host countries. Through the research of Choe (2003), the finding of casuality between FDI and economic growth shows that FDI is dependent on the economic growth of host country and not the other way around. Little evidence was shown that FDI enhance the growth of economy, but mainly supports that rapid economic growth enhances the FDI inflow into the country. Chowdhury and Mavrotas (2003) use innovative econometric methodology to identify the causality of FDI and economic growth. The research was done using time series data from 1969 to 2000 for three developing countries that are Malaysia, Chile and Thailand. Each country involve with different background of determinants of FDI such as macroeconomic episodes, growth patterns, and policy regimes. Their study found out that GDP was the cause of growth of FDI in Chile, but it does not go the same with Malaysia and Thailand which has strong evidence of bi-directional causality of these two variables. In the case of Frimpong and Abayie (2006), In the research (Bengoa and Sanchez-Robles, 2003) by using panel data to study Latin America between the relationship of FDI and economic growth, they found out there is a positive impact of FDI that lead to increase in economic growth but the research is similar to Borensztein, et.al, (1998) that says economic development depend on the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s stability condition. Finally, Duasa (2007) which focus on the causality between FDI and output of economic growth in Malaysia and the study found no evidence of relationship between FDI and economic growth. These has indicate that in the case of Malaysia, FDI does not cause economic growth but FDI contributes to stability of growth as growth contributes to stability of FDI. In order to understand the determinants of FDI more accurately, we can see through research done by Vernon (1966) by using product cycle hypothesis which relates to trade theory by Hufbauer (1966). The theory is about the relationship between investment theory and trade theory by using products as they are export or invested. They found out that competition prices in host countries drives foreign investors to seek cost advantages especially labour cost. This shows that innovation of countries to attract FDI is important to improve economic growth. 2.1.2 Economic growth in Malaysia Export growth can be considered as the most researched determinant factor of (FDI) in economic growth. According to Chow (1987, p.124), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the export growth of development countries can be identified through the impact of increase in countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s income, non-export production of goods, resource allocation, and capital efficiency, ability in handling external shocks, negative external effects and also total productivity factor.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Therefore, research has shown export strategy has been an effective factor in enhancing the economic growth of developing countries. Furthermore, these countries have also testified that export promotion is an effective development strategy (Jung and Marshall, 1985). However, export strategy is not the main determinant factor of FDI that promotes economic growth. According to Ahmand and Harnhirun (1996) research, by using time data series from 1966 until 1988 to determine whether export is the main (FDI) factor that affects countries economic growth on industrial countries like Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand, they found out that economic growth and export is dependent on development of countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s policy, and also economic development causes export growth not the other way around. In order to (Alfano et.al, 2004) identify the relationship between FDI, financial market, economic growth and also to find out whether countries with better financial systems are able to exploit FDI effectively. An empirical analysis was done by using cross country data from 1975 to 1995 which concluded that FDI played a leading role in contributing to economic growth in 71 countries which means countries with good financial market are able to take advantage of opportunity offered by FDI. Li and Liu (2005) studied whether FDI affect economic growth by using single and simultaneous system of equation techniques to test these two variables. Their research found a significant relationship between FDI and economic growth which identified, Human capital has indirect interaction with FDI that leads to positive impact on economic growth in developing countries, whereas countries with insufficient technology knowledge will have significant negative impact on economic growth in developing countries Another study done by Hsiao and Hsiao (2006) using panel data and time series from 1986 to 2004 to identify Granger causality between GDP, export and FDI among China, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines and Thailand found out that FDI has direct one way effect on GDP and indirect effect through export. There was also bilateral causal relationship between export and GDP. Lastly, study done by Baharumshah and Thanoon (2006) using quantitative assessment found out that FDI effects economic growth both long-term and short term in the host countries. Their research has also shown that countries that are able to attract inflow of FDI successfully can generate more investment which leads to faster overall development of economy, hence FDI is a major contributing factor in the economy of East Asian countries. Ang (2007) use annual time series data from 1960 to 2005 in order to find out the determinants of FDI in Malaysia found out that GDP growth had a significant positive impact on FDI inflow. 2.2 Theoretical Framework Foreign direct investment (FDI) Independent variable Dependent variable Technology advancement Economic growth in Malaysia Human Capital Policy development Social GDP 2.2.1 Analysis path This framework is to understand the research of the two variables in the case of my research proposal, foreign direct investment (FDI) is the independent variable and economic growth in Malaysia would be the dependent variable. The purpose of this research proposal is to understand the relationship of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. In addition, Malaysia can implement different FDI contributing factor that can enhance economic growth in the country. The analysis here is about the determinants of FDI and it interests me in which Malaysia can implement and make FDI more attractive to be invested by foreign firms. In this analysis, the information accumulated should provide the key determinants of FDI at the same time enhance the development of economic growth in Malaysia. Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY 3.0 Introduction This section describes the research methodology use in the study to access the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. Simple ordinary least square (OLS) regression and the empirical analysis are done using annual data of FDI and economic growth in Malaysia over the 1970-2005 periods. The research was done using annual data from IMF international Financial Statistic tables, published by International Monetary Fund to find out the relationship between FDI and economic growth in Malaysia. 3.1 Data 3.1.1 Data Resources According to Romano (2004), primary data can be define as data that is collected specially for the purpose of answering research question, while secondary data can be define as existing data collected in order to answer different research project. Secondary data was chosen for this research because it is less expensive compared to primary data, and takes less time to collect data that is needed for research. (Romano, 2004) Secondary data has made information far easier to be obtain by interpreting information from primary data and published them through secondary resource such as newspaper, journals, books, internet, and also research reports. () The existence of secondary data happens when a project needs the collection of data that has already been research in order to further understand the research question on a new project That is why secondary data is essential in order for us because it provide us with the knowledge to form research design and also answering our research quest ions in a more in depth scale. 3.1.2 Data Analysis Procedure In order to complete this research proposal we have mainly use secondary resource such as journals, websites, books, and also research report. Secondary resource has provided us with the information needed at the same time save us time and cost. KBU International College has provided us with books that contain the information needed for us to make references for our research topic. Internet network has been a major contribution by using the Google Chromes search engine we are able to obtain various journals and reports from websites that allows us to make reference and understand our research objectives. Emerald website in particular by using Anglia Ruskin University account has granted us the access to various journals that are easy to obtain without any hassle. The usage of less text book is because the library has insufficient information needed to answer our research questions. 3.2 Hypothesis Null hypothesis H0: FDI is not important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth. Alternate hypothesis H1: FDI is important for transporting advance technology to enhance host country economic growth. Technology advancement is essential in developing economic growth because it produces skilled labor that will enhance productivity and satisfying demands from consumer. According to Easterly et al. (1995), technology transfer depends on the diffusion process and can take place in 4 forms which is transfer of new technologies and ideas, high technology imports, foreign technology adoption and also level of human capital. Diffusion process of technology into host countries can be different depending on the human capital and availability of technology in the country itself. Example, study made by Borensztein (1998) on developing economies concluded that FDI has positive economy growth but the effect of magnitude depends on the availability of human capital in the host country. This clearly shows that advance technology is very important to enhance economic growth at different level of diffusion growth. Null hypothesis H0: Economic stability is not important to attract FDI into the country Alternate hypothesis H2: Economic stability is important to attract FDI into the country Many countries should pay more attention to economic stability in order to attract FDI which can enhance economic growth. With a stable economy it portrays a positive image and good economic positioning, which in turn attracts foreign investors to invest and generate profit from the investment made in the foreign country as a guaranteed. Therefore, determinants of economic stability should be given attention, the determinants are such as exports, and government expenditure, domestic consumption, and exchange rate that should be manage well by government. According to the research done by Kogid,et.al,(2010) , the most important determinant of economic stability in Malaysia is export and consumption expenditure. Their study also found out that government expenditure and exchange rate are less effective on economic growth but it does not mean it should be ignored but these factors can be act as catalyst and complement factor of economic growth. Null hypothesis H0: Implication of policy does not promote economic growth. Alternate hypothesis H3: Implication of policy does promote economic growth Implication of policy reform is important to draw attention of foreign investment. Policies to promote growth have evidence but it does not work for other countries. This can be seen from the study made by Ahmad and Harnhirun (1996) which studied on new industrial countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Philipines, Singapore and Thailand that found out export and economic growth dependent on development of policy. Therefore, government should impost relevant policies to attract FDI into Malaysia. Example, policies like joint venture which give opportunities to domestic producer to become one with foreign investors. This way will benefit local partner as they have exposure towards technology. 3.3Limitation Theoretical framework of FDI that is use to analyses the FDI determinants and economic growth in Malaysia could have been done more accurately with more secondary resources. Firstly, KBU International College provides insufficient books that have relation with this research topic. However, KBU does provide student with the account to access Emerald websites that contains many research journals and reports that is very convenient for our research topic. In addition, some determinants of FDI in the theoretical framework were not taken into consideration because there has been insufficient research done on some determinants of FDI that affects economic growth in Malaysia. As a result, this research is not entirely completed to reflect the full extent of FDI on Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy growth. Since this research is mainly dependent on opinions of researcherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s around the world, this may lead to inaccuracy of research because they might disagree with research and opinions done by other authors around the world. 4.0 Ethical Consideration Before the research is done, respondents will be notified regarding the aim, benefits and purpose of the research is conducted and the method that is engage to carry out this research so that respondent will be able to understand the reason of caring out this research and the potential hazard level of this research. There are also no pressure of any kind shall be force for individual to become subject of research. In addition, respondents have the permission to withdraw or terminate from participating and becoming subject of the research. These are the ethical action taken so that there will be no violation of human rights. The identity of respondents from who involves in the survey is strictly confidential and shall be discarded once research is completed unless permission is granted by respondents for publish sake. No information of respondents will be revealed and included in the final report.